Bini Francesca, Soffritti Irene, D'Accolti Maria, Mazziga Eleonora, Caballero Julio Diaz, David Sophia, Argimon Silvia, Aanensen David M, Volta Antonella, Bisi Matteo, Mazzacane Sante, Caselli Elisabetta
Section of Microbiology, Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.
CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44122, Italy.
BMC Genomics. 2025 Apr 18;26(1):382. doi: 10.1186/s12864-025-11582-1.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) caused by microbes that acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represent an increasing threat to human health worldwide. The high use of chemical disinfectants aimed at reducing the presence of pathogens in the hospital environment can simultaneously favor the selection of resistant strains, potentially worsening AMR concerns. In the search for sustainable ways to control bioburden without affecting this aspect, probiotic-based sanitation (PBS) using Bacillus spp. was proposed to achieve stable reduction of pathogens, AMR, and associated HAIs. Although Bacillus probiotics are classified as nonpathogenic, comprehensive data about the potential genetic alterations of these probiotics following prolonged contact with surrounding pathogens are not yet available. This study aimed to assess in depth the genetic content of PBS-Bacillus isolates to evaluate any eventual variations that occurred during their usage.
WGS analysis was used for the precise identification of PBS-Bacillus species and detailed profiling of their SNPs, resistome, virulome, and mobilome. Analyses were conducted on both the original PBS detergent and 172 environmental isolates from eight hospitals sanitized with PBS over a 30-month period. The two species B. subtilis and B. velezensis were identified in both the original product and the hospital environment, and SNP analysis revealed the presence of two clusters in each species. No virulence/resistance genes or mobile conjugative plasmids were detected in either the original PBS-Bacillus strain or any of the analyzed environmental isolates, confirming their high genetic stability and their low/no tendency to be involved in horizontal gene transfer events.
The data obtained by metagenomic analysis revealed the absence of genetic sequences associated with PBS-Bacillus and the lack of alterations in all the environmental isolates analyzed, despite their continuous contact with surrounding pathogens. These results support the safety of the Bacillus species analyzed. Further metagenomic studies aimed at profiling the whole genomes of these and other species of Bacillus, possibly during longer periods and under stress conditions, would be of interest since they may provide further confirmation of their stability and safety.
由获得抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）的微生物引起的医疗保健相关感染（HAIs）对全球人类健康构成了日益严重的威胁。旨在减少医院环境中病原体存在的化学消毒剂的大量使用可能同时有利于耐药菌株的选择，从而可能加剧对抗菌药物耐药性的担忧。在寻求在不影响这方面的情况下控制生物负荷的可持续方法时，有人提出使用芽孢杆菌属的基于益生菌的卫生处理（PBS）来实现病原体、抗菌药物耐药性及相关医疗保健相关感染的稳定减少。尽管芽孢杆菌属益生菌被归类为非致病性，但关于这些益生菌在与周围病原体长期接触后潜在基因改变的全面数据尚不可用。本研究旨在深入评估基于益生菌的卫生处理 - 芽孢杆菌分离株的基因内容，以评估其在使用过程中发生的任何最终变异。
全基因组测序（WGS）分析用于精确鉴定基于益生菌的卫生处理 - 芽孢杆菌种类，并详细分析其单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）、耐药基因组、毒力基因组和可移动基因组。对原始的基于益生菌的卫生处理洗涤剂以及在30个月期间用基于益生菌的卫生处理进行消毒的八家医院的172份环境分离株进行了分析。在原始产品和医院环境中均鉴定出枯草芽孢杆菌和贝莱斯芽孢杆菌这两个物种，SNP分析显示每个物种中存在两个簇。在原始的基于益生菌的卫生处理 - 芽孢杆菌菌株或任何分析的环境分离株中均未检测到毒力/耐药基因或可移动接合质粒，证实了它们的高遗传稳定性以及它们参与水平基因转移事件的低/无倾向。
宏基因组分析获得的数据显示，尽管基于益生菌的卫生处理 - 芽孢杆菌与周围病原体持续接触，但所分析的所有环境分离株均不存在与基于益生菌的卫生处理 - 芽孢杆菌相关的基因序列且没有改变。这些结果支持了所分析的芽孢杆菌物种的安全性。进一步的宏基因组研究旨在对这些和其他芽孢杆菌物种的全基因组进行分析，可能在更长时间和应激条件下进行，将是有意义的，因为它们可能进一步证实其稳定性和安全性。
Zotero 插件
