Balancing Promise and Uncertainty: PPAR Agonists in IBD Therapy.

PPARγ/β/δ agonists have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to their immunomodulatory effects and ability to influence gut microbiota composition. Li et al. investigated their impact on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, demonstrating reduced colonic inflammation and favorable microbiota shifts. However, methodological considerations, including the limitations of DSS-induced colitis as a chronic disease model and the absence of long-term follow-up, warrant further scrutiny. Additionally, alternative therapeutic strategies such as probiotics and dietary interventions have exhibited similar microbiota-modulating and anti-inflammatory benefits, necessitating comparative efficacy studies. Concerns regarding the systemic effects and safety profile of PPAR agonists also require attention, particularly in patients with metabolic comorbidities. To optimize clinical translation, future research should focus on chronic colitis models, human trials, and precision medicine approaches to tailor PPAR-targeted therapies. A comprehensive evaluation integrating host metabolism, immune regulation, and microbiota interactions will be essential to establish their role in IBD management.