Current Landscape of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines.

Cancer vaccines aim to harness the immune system for prevention or treatment of the disease. This is achieved by immunizing against target antigens that are specific/associated with cancer. Myriad of particulate materials or cell-based strategies have been developed to induce immune responses against cancer antigens, using protein/peptide antigens, DNA or RNA, viral antigens, viral or bacterial vectors, embryonic material, whole tumor lysate, dendritic cells, red blood cells, exosomes, liposomes, engineered bioinspired and biomimetic vaccines and glycosylation-based vaccines. Several key factors affect the safety and efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines, including identification of potent neoantigens, dosage, adjuvant and regimen of immunization, route of administration and delivery methods, as well as overcoming intrinsic and extrinsic resistance mechanisms. More recently, novel approaches for improving cancer vaccines have been explored, such as intratumoral vaccinations, oncolytic viruses, and combination immunotherapies. This chapter aims to provide a glimpse into some of the most common approaches for therapeutic cancer vaccines.