Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities and mechanisms of extracts against and its application in milk.

, a well-known foodborne pathogen, poses an increased risk because of its ability to form biofilms. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of extracts against . All tested . varieties demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against , with inhibition zone diameters exceeding 11 mm (P < 0.05). Notably, the extracts from Sichuan Dazhu exhibited strong antibacterial effects, even against antibiotic-resistant . strains. 239 compounds were identified in Sichuan Dazhu extracts by LC-MS. The MIC and MBC of the extracts against strain ATCC 11778, BCL043 and BCL047 were 0.195 and 0.391 mg/mL, respectively. These findings were corroborated by growth curve experiments, live/dead cell staining, and scanning electron microscopy observations. Moreover, the extracts demonstrated remarkable antibiofilm activity against . , reducing biofilm biomass to less than 40 % (P < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis revealed its antibacterial and antibiofilm mechanisms. Additionally, the extracts exhibited potent antibacterial activity against . in skim milk. Collectively, these results underscore the significant antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of . extracts, highlighting their potential applications in food safety. This report provides the first evidence of both antibacterial and antibiofilm activities in . extract against . , while also elucidating the associated mechanisms.