Pongpiachan Siwatt, Tipmanee Danai, Khumsup Chukkapong, Hirunyatrakul Phoosak, Hashmi Muhammad Zaffar, Poshyachinda Saran
National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiangmai, Thailand.
NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social Development and Strategic Management, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand.
PLoS One. 2025 Apr 24;20(4):e0320405. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0320405. eCollection 2025.
This study examines the distribution, origins, and health hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across six particle size fractions obtained from an urban rooftop location in Bangkok, Thailand. We collected PM samples using a six-stage cascade impactor at a canal boat port, trapping PAHs in particle sizes ranging from ultrafine (PM0.65-1.1) to coarse (PM7.0 and beyond) over an 11-week period. We utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify twelve PAH congeners. Results indicated that PAHs primarily concentrate in fine particles (PM2.1-3.3), with traffic emissions from gasoline and gasoline cars being the principal sources, augmented by emissions from diesel canal boats and industrial activities. The health risk assessment showed that the lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR) values for all particle sizes were less than 1×10-6. This means that PAH exposure in this area has a very low cancer risk. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) found traffic and industrial emissions as the primary sources of PAHs, with canal boats accounting for 5% of the total. These findings highlight the necessity of specific emission control regulations and advocate for the implementation of cleaner fuel alternatives and electric propulsion in canal transit to enhance urban air quality in Bangkok.
本研究调查了泰国曼谷一个城市屋顶位置采集的六个粒径级分中多环芳烃（PAHs）的分布、来源及健康危害。我们在一个运河船港使用六级串联撞击器收集PM样本，在11周的时间里捕获粒径范围从超细（PM0.65 - 1.1）到粗颗粒（PM7.0及以上）的PAHs。我们利用气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪对12种PAH同系物进行定量。结果表明，PAHs主要集中在细颗粒（PM2.1 - 3.3）中，汽油和汽油车的交通排放是主要来源，柴油运河船和工业活动的排放也有所增加。健康风险评估显示，所有粒径的终生肺癌风险（LLCR）值均小于1×10 - 6。这意味着该地区PAH暴露导致癌症的风险非常低。主成分分析（PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）发现交通和工业排放是PAHs的主要来源，运河船排放占总量的5%。这些发现凸显了制定特定排放控制法规的必要性，并提倡在运河运输中采用更清洁的燃料替代品和电力推进，以改善曼谷的城市空气质量。
