Singh Pradeep, Bisen Monish, Kulshreshtha Sourabh, Kumar Lokender, Choudhury Shubham R, Nath Mayur J, Mandal Manabendra, Kumar Aman, Patel Sanjay K S
School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Cancer Biology Laboratory, Raj Khosla Centre for Cancer Research, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Bioengineering (Basel). 2025 Mar 22;12(4):330. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering12040330.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) technologies have attracted substantial interest due to their advantages over traditional biological nitrogen removal processes, including high efficiency and low energy demand. Currently, multiple side-stream applications of the anammox coupling process have been developed, including one-stage, two-stage, and three-stage systems such as completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite, denitrifying ammonium oxidation, simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal, partial denitrification-anammox, and partial nitrification and integrated fermentation denitritation. The one-stage system includes completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite, oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification/denitrification, aerobic de-ammonification, single-stage nitrogen removal using anammox, and partial nitritation. Two-stage systems, such as the single reactor system for high-activity ammonium removal over nitrite, integrated fixed-film activated sludge, and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal, have also been developed. Three-stage systems comprise partial nitrification anammox, partial denitrification anammox, simultaneous ammonium oxidation denitrification, and partial nitrification and integrated fermentation denitritation. The performance of these systems is highly dependent on interactions between functional microbial communities, physiochemical parameters, and environmental factors. Mainstream applications are not well developed and require further research and development. Mainstream applications demand a high carbon/nitrogen ratio to maintain levels of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, high concentrations of ammonium and nitrite in wastewater, and retention of anammox bacteria biomass. To summarize various aspects of the anammox processes, this review provides information regarding the microbial diversity of different genera of anammox bacteria and the engineering aspects of various side streams and mainstream anammox processes for wastewater treatment. Additionally, this review offers detailed insights into the challenges related to anammox technology and delivers solutions for future sustainable research.
厌氧氨氧化（anammox）技术因其相对于传统生物脱氮工艺的优势，包括高效率和低能量需求，而备受关注。目前，已经开发了厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺的多种侧流应用，包括单级、两级和三级系统，如亚硝酸型完全自养脱氮、反硝化氨氧化、同步脱氮除磷、部分反硝化 - 厌氧氨氧化以及部分硝化和集成发酵亚硝酸盐还原脱氮。单级系统包括亚硝酸型完全自养脱氮、氧限制自养硝化/反硝化、好氧脱氨、利用厌氧氨氧化的单级脱氮以及部分亚硝化。两级系统，如用于高效去除亚硝酸盐上的铵的单反应器系统、集成固定膜活性污泥以及同步脱氮除磷，也已得到开发。三级系统包括部分硝化厌氧氨氧化、部分反硝化厌氧氨氧化、同步氨氧化反硝化以及部分硝化和集成发酵亚硝酸盐还原脱氮。这些系统的性能高度依赖于功能微生物群落、物理化学参数和环境因素之间的相互作用。主流应用尚未得到充分发展，需要进一步研究和开发。主流应用需要高碳氮比来维持亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的水平、废水中高浓度的铵和亚硝酸盐以及厌氧氨氧化细菌生物量的保留。为了总结厌氧氨氧化工艺的各个方面，本综述提供了有关不同属厌氧氨氧化细菌的微生物多样性以及用于废水处理的各种侧流和主流厌氧氨氧化工艺的工程方面的信息。此外，本综述深入探讨了与厌氧氨氧化技术相关的挑战，并为未来的可持续研究提供了解决方案。
