Araradian Cynthia, Walsh Maura, Standage Hayley, Tsikitis Vassiliki Liana
Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
Cancers (Basel). 2025 Apr 10;17(8):1289. doi: 10.3390/cancers17081289.
Anal cancer is a rare diagnosis, but incidence has been increasing over the past decade. Anal cancer is associated with the human papilloma virus (HPV), specifically the high-risk subtypes of 16 and 18. In addition, the precursor lesion for anal cancer is high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and its treatment and surveillance has been emphasized over the last 5 years. The current standard of care for anal cancer includes the Nigro protocol, concurrent chemoradiation, typically radiation with systemic mitomycin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The protocol's efficacy laid the foundation for sphincter preservation and non-operative management. This review will detail the essential clinical trials in the treatment and surveillance of premalignant lesions and anal squamous cell cancer, including alterations in radiation dosing, systemic chemotherapy, and immunotherapy over the last several decades.
肛管癌是一种罕见的诊断，但在过去十年中发病率一直在上升。肛管癌与人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）有关，特别是16型和18型高危亚型。此外，肛管癌的前驱病变是高级别鳞状上皮内病变（HSILs），在过去5年中其治疗和监测一直受到重视。目前肛管癌的标准治疗方案包括Nigro方案，即同步放化疗，通常是放疗联合全身使用丝裂霉素和5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）。该方案的疗效为保留括约肌和非手术治疗奠定了基础。本综述将详细介绍在癌前病变和肛管鳞状细胞癌的治疗与监测方面的重要临床试验，包括过去几十年中放疗剂量、全身化疗和免疫治疗的变化。
