Krasnopyorova Marina, Gorlachev Igor, Kharkin Pavel, Severinenko Mariya, Zheltov Dmitriy
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Ibragimov 1, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 Apr 3;22(4):560. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22040560.
This research investigates the elemental composition of 78 drinking water samples collected during the summer, autumn, and winter of 2023 in different districts of Almaty city. Seasonal average concentrations and standard deviations were calculated for a range of chemical elements, including arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), uranium (U), mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na), across three distinct datasets. The sites of sampling represent various categories of drinking water sources. The quality of drinking water was assessed by comparing the obtained data with current national, international, and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Drinking water contaminant indices for the heavy metal groups were calculated and the water quality compliance with the hygienic criteria adopted in the Republic of Kazakhstan was determined. With the exception of two sampling points, the levels of non-carcinogenic risk remained below the acceptable threshold. The predominant pathway for exposure for both adults and children was identified as the oral ingestion of hazardous elements. Carcinogenic risks linked to Ni, Pb, and Cr presence in the drinking water of Almaty were identified, with risk values at the majority of sampling sites categorically classified within the "high risk" designation. No substantial differences in carcinogenic risk levels were detected between adults and children. These results underscore the necessity for enhanced water purification methodologies and ongoing surveillance to protect public health.
本研究调查了2023年夏季、秋季和冬季在阿拉木图市不同地区采集的78个饮用水样本的元素组成。计算了一系列化学元素的季节平均浓度和标准差，这些元素包括砷（As）、铍（Be）、钴（Co）、镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、锂（Li）、钼（Mo）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、硒（Se）、铀（U）、汞（Hg）、铝（Al）、钡（Ba）、铬（Cr）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、锶（Sr）、钒（V）、锌（Zn）、钙（Ca）、钾（K）、镁（Mg）和钠（Na），涉及三个不同的数据集。采样地点代表了各类饮用水源。通过将获得的数据与当前的国家、国际和世界卫生组织（WHO）标准进行比较，评估了饮用水质量。计算了重金属组的饮用水污染物指数，并确定了水质是否符合哈萨克斯坦共和国采用的卫生标准。除两个采样点外，非致癌风险水平仍低于可接受阈值。确定成人和儿童接触的主要途径是口服有害元素。识别出了与阿拉木图市饮用水中镍、铅和铬的存在相关的致癌风险，大多数采样点的风险值被明确归类为“高风险”。未检测到成人和儿童在致癌风险水平上的实质性差异。这些结果强调了加强水净化方法和持续监测以保护公众健康的必要性。
