Mechanisms of Salt and Drought Stress Responses in Foxtail Millet.

Salt and drought are destructive abiotic stresses that severely impact crop production and productivity, posing an increasing threat to global food security, particularly as their occurrence rises annually due to climate change. These salt and drought stresses adversely affect plant growth and development, leading to significant reductions in crop yields. Foxtail millet () exhibits various adaptive mechanisms, including enhanced antioxidative systems, osmotic adjustment through osmolyte accumulation, and root system modification, which facilitate its tolerance to stressors. These traits underscore its significant potential for breeding climate-resilient crops to address food security and climate change challenges. Understanding the molecular basis of salt and drought tolerance mechanisms is essential for breeding or genetically engineering foxtail millet varieties with enhanced salt and drought tolerance, as well as improved yield potential. This review systematically overviewed the research progress and current status of the mechanisms underlying foxtail millet's tolerance to salt and drought stress from the perspectives of physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses. Additionally, it provides some future perspectives that will contribute to further deciphering the genetic mechanisms governing salt and drought tolerance, as well as further genetic improvement in foxtail millet.