Kovács László, Domaföldi Gerda, Bertram Pia-Charlotte, Farkas Máté, Könyves László Péter
Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, H1078 Budapest, Hungary.
Poultry-Care Kft., H5052 Újszász, Hungary.
Vet Sci. 2025 Apr 21;12(4):391. doi: 10.3390/vetsci12040391.
The poultry industry is a critical source of affordable protein worldwide; however, it faces continuous threats from various poultry diseases that significantly impact public health, economic stability, and food security. Knowledge of and examination of the transmission routes, risk factors, and environmental survival characteristics of the most important pathogens affecting poultry populations, as well as the importance of strict biosecurity, are pivotal. Transmission routes are split into direct and vector-borne pathways, and indirect ways, which include infections via contaminated surfaces and vector-borne pathways, including insects and rodents. Avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus spread through respiratory droplets, and their transmission risk increases with increasing stocking density. While other pathogens (e.g., infectious bursal disease virus and spp.), to persist long-term in the environments, for example, feed and litter, increasing the probability to persist long-term in the environments, for example, feed and litter, increasing the probability of infection. The long-term resilience of pathogens in multiple pathogens in various environmental conditions highlights the role of biosecurity, sanitation, and hygiene controls in preventing disease outbreaks. High stocking density in production systems, suboptimal ventilation, and inadequate biosecurity controls further increase transmission risks. This paper summarizes important disease transmissions and reinforces the need for strict biosecurity protocols and routine health monitoring to prevent the spread of pathogens within and beyond poultry facilities. These strategies can support safe poultry production, address growing global demand, and ensure food safety and public health.
家禽产业是全球负担得起的蛋白质的重要来源；然而，它面临着各种家禽疾病的持续威胁，这些疾病对公众健康、经济稳定和粮食安全产生重大影响。了解和研究影响家禽群体的最重要病原体的传播途径、风险因素和环境存活特征，以及严格生物安全措施的重要性，至关重要。传播途径分为直接和媒介传播途径以及间接途径，间接途径包括通过受污染表面的感染和媒介传播途径，如昆虫和啮齿动物。禽流感病毒和新城疫病毒通过呼吸道飞沫传播，其传播风险随着饲养密度的增加而增加。而其他病原体（如传染性法氏囊病病毒等）能够在环境中长期存活，例如饲料和垫料，从而增加了在这些环境中持续存在并导致感染的可能性。多种病原体在各种环境条件下的长期生存能力凸显了生物安全、卫生和清洁控制在预防疾病爆发中的作用。生产系统中的高饲养密度、通风不良以及生物安全控制不足进一步增加了传播风险。本文总结了重要的疾病传播情况，并强调了严格的生物安全协议和常规健康监测对于防止病原体在家禽设施内外传播的必要性。这些策略有助于安全的家禽生产，满足不断增长的全球需求，并确保食品安全和公众健康。
