Marciniuk Jolanta, Sadowska Beata, Więckowska-Szakiel Marzena, Borkowski Mateusz, Zebrowski Jacek, Głód Bronisław K, Marciniuk Kacper, Marciniuk Paweł
Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
Molecules. 2025 Mar 23;30(7):1425. doi: 10.3390/molecules30071425.
The aim of this study was to examine cold-pressed oils available on the Polish market derived from different plants and manufacturers in the context of their biological activity, including micro- and macroelements, antioxidant properties, antimicrobial activity, and selected effects on eukaryotic cells. In total, 76 oil samples of 34 selected oil types from nine Polish companies (five commercial and four amateur) were tested. The content of macro- and micronutrients was assessed using ICP-OES, the level of fatty acid unsaturation was examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and total antioxidant potential (TAP) was assessed using the DPPH method. The antimicrobial activity of the selected oils against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, representing both pathogens and human microbiota, was tested using the broth microdilution method. The MTT reduction assay was used to exclude the cytotoxic effect of the oils on the human fibroblast line HFF-1. It has been concluded that the composition of cold-pressed oils varied significantly depending on the plant used and the manufacturer. The total content of the elements tested ranged from 172.91 mg/kg in oil to 1580.73 mg/kg in oil. The iron concentration limits were exceeded in 10 oils, the copper concentration limits were exceeded in 34 oils, and the lead concentration limits were exceeded in 18 oils. At least one of these elements was exceeded in 40 oils (53% of the tested samples), which is why testing the concentration of elements should be a standard procedure for assessing the quality of cold-pressed oils. There was no statistically significant correlation between the content of any macro- and microelements and TAP. While TAP was strongly correlated with the spectral unsaturation index of the oils, this relationship can be used to develop a simple and rapid assessment of oils quality. The strongest antioxidant activity (over 90%) was observed for oils. Interestingly, among all the tested oils, only these from L., whatever the producer, possessed also strong antimicrobial activity. None of the tested oils showed cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells, so the cold-pressed oils can be considered safe.
本研究的目的是在波兰市场上销售的、源自不同植物和生产商的冷榨油的生物活性背景下对其进行检测，这些生物活性包括微量元素和常量元素、抗氧化性能、抗菌活性以及对真核细胞的某些影响。总共对来自九家波兰公司（五家商业公司和四家个体经营公司）的34种选定油类的76个油样进行了测试。使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP - OES）评估常量和微量营养素的含量，使用傅里叶变换红外光谱法（FTIR）检测脂肪酸不饱和度水平，并使用二苯基苦味酰基自由基（DPPH）法评估总抗氧化潜力（TAP）。使用肉汤微量稀释法测试选定油类对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌以及代表病原体和人类微生物群的真菌的抗菌活性。MTT还原试验用于排除油类对人成纤维细胞系HFF - 1的细胞毒性作用。得出的结论是，冷榨油的成分因所用植物和生产商的不同而有显著差异。所测元素的总含量在 油中为172.91毫克/千克至 油中为1580.73毫克/千克之间。10种油超出了铁浓度限值，34种油超出了铜浓度限值，18种油超出了铅浓度限值。40种油（占测试样品的53%）中至少超过了这些元素中的一种，这就是为什么检测元素浓度应成为评估冷榨油质量的标准程序。任何常量和微量元素的含量与TAP之间均无统计学上的显著相关性。虽然TAP与油类的光谱不饱和度指数密切相关，但这种关系可用于开发一种简单快速的油类质量评估方法。 油表现出最强的抗氧化活性（超过90%）。有趣的是，在所有测试的油类中，无论生产商如何，只有来自 属植物的油也具有很强的抗菌活性。没有一种测试油类对真核细胞表现出细胞毒性，因此冷榨油可被认为是安全的。
