Khorasani Elnaz, Vahidi Bahman
Department of Medical Technology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science Engineering, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2025 Apr 27. doi: 10.1002/bit.28994.
Cranial bone defects from trauma, congenital conditions, or surgery are challenging to treat due to the skull's limited regeneration. Traditional methods like autografts and allografts have drawbacks, including donor site issues and poor integration. 3D-printed scaffolds provide a patient-specific alternative, improving bone regeneration and integration. This review evaluates advancements in 3D-printed scaffolds for cranial bone regeneration, focusing on fabrication techniques, material innovations, and structural optimization while assessing their preclinical and clinical potential. A systematic literature search (2014-2024) was conducted using PubMed and other databases. Studies addressing scaffold properties such as porosity, pore interconnectivity, and mechanical stability were included, while non-cranial scaffold studies were excluded. Advances in 3D printing have enabled patient-specific scaffolds with optimized architecture to enhance bone regeneration, mechanical support, and nutrient transport. Bioceramics, polymers, and composites mimic native bone properties, while bioactive coatings further improve osteogenesis. However, limited clinical translation and insufficient customization remain challenges. Further preclinical and clinical trials are crucial to overcoming barriers in mechanical optimization and patient-specific scaffold fabrication, bridging the gap between research and clinical applications.
由于颅骨再生能力有限，创伤、先天性疾病或手术导致的颅骨缺损治疗颇具挑战性。自体移植和异体移植等传统方法存在缺点，包括供体部位问题和整合不良。3D打印支架提供了一种针对患者的替代方案，可改善骨再生和整合。本综述评估了用于颅骨再生的3D打印支架的进展，重点关注制造技术、材料创新和结构优化，同时评估其临床前和临床潜力。使用PubMed和其他数据库进行了系统的文献检索（2014 - 2024年）。纳入了涉及支架特性（如孔隙率、孔隙连通性和机械稳定性）的研究，同时排除了非颅骨支架研究。3D打印技术的进步使得能够制造具有优化结构的针对患者的支架，以增强骨再生、机械支撑和营养物质运输。生物陶瓷、聚合物和复合材料模仿天然骨特性，而生物活性涂层进一步改善成骨作用。然而，临床转化有限和定制不足仍然是挑战。进一步的临床前和临床试验对于克服机械优化和针对患者的支架制造方面的障碍、弥合研究与临床应用之间的差距至关重要。
