Frąckiewicz Joanna, Szewczyk Kacper
Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
Nutrients. 2025 Mar 9;17(6):952. doi: 10.3390/nu17060952.
Hydration is essential for overall health; therefore, this study aimed to identify associations between hydration status and beverage consumption, anthropometric measures, and urine biochemical analyses in Polish adults. Poland was chosen due to potential regional dietary habits and hydration patterns that may influence hydration status.
A total of 337 participants completed a beverage frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Blood pressure (BP), anthropometric parameters, and body composition were measured. Urine samples were analyzed for specific gravity (USG), osmolality (Uosm), and potential hydrogen value (pH). Hydration status was assessed using the WUT model (weight, urine color, thirst level), classifying participants into two groups: dehydrated (2-3 WUT components) and properly hydrated (0-1 WUT component). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
Approximately 50% of participants (n = 165) exhibited dehydration symptoms, including higher thirst levels, darker urine, and elevated USG and Uosm ( ≤ 0.05). Dehydrated individuals more frequently reported fatigue ( = 0.009), headaches ( = 0.024), and heavy legs ( = 0.002). Higher BMI (OR: 1.49), waist circumference (OR: 1.79), USG (OR: 2.29), and Uosm (OR: 1.75) increased dehydration risk. Conversely, greater consumption of tea (OR: 0.52) and non-carbonated mineral water (OR: 0.45), higher total body water (OR: 0.49), and handgrip strength (OR: 0.81) were linked to lower dehydration risk. Four dietary patterns were identified: Reasonable, Unhealthy, Minimalist, and Loving Sweet Beverages.
Multifactorial hydration assessment, combined with preventive strategies such as regular fluid intake and weight management, may improve hydration. The WUT model and Venn diagram provide a practical tool for hydration assessment in clinical and public health.
水合作用对整体健康至关重要；因此，本研究旨在确定波兰成年人的水合状态与饮料消费、人体测量指标及尿液生化分析之间的关联。选择波兰是因为其潜在的区域饮食习惯和水合模式可能会影响水合状态。
共有337名参与者完成了一份饮料频率问卷（FFQ）。测量了血压（BP）、人体测量参数和身体成分。分析了尿液样本的比重（USG）、渗透压（Uosm）和酸碱度（pH）。使用WUT模型（体重、尿液颜色、口渴程度）评估水合状态，将参与者分为两组：脱水组（2 - 3个WUT成分）和水合正常组（0 - 1个WUT成分）。计算了比值比（OR）和95%置信区间（CI）。
约50%的参与者（n = 165）表现出脱水症状，包括更高的口渴程度、更暗的尿液以及升高的USG和Uosm（P≤0.05）。脱水个体更频繁地报告疲劳（P = 0.009）、头痛（P = 0.024）和腿部沉重感（P = 0.002）。较高的体重指数（OR：1.49）、腰围（OR：1.79）、USG（OR：2.29）和Uosm（OR：1.75）增加了脱水风险。相反，更多饮用茶（OR：0.52）和非碳酸矿泉水（OR：0.45）、更高的总体水含量（OR：0.49）和握力（OR：0.81）与较低的脱水风险相关。确定了四种饮食模式：合理型、不健康型、简约型和喜爱甜饮料型。
多因素水合评估，结合定期饮水和体重管理等预防策略，可能会改善水合状态。WUT模型和维恩图为临床和公共卫生中的水合评估提供了实用工具。
