A Practical Approach to Pneumothorax Management.

Pneumothorax, defined by the presence of air in the pleural cavity, is a potentially life-threatening condition requiring prompt diagnosis and tailored management. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is primarily achieved through radiological imaging. Management strategies for pneumothorax vary according to severity and aetiology. Conservative care, involving vigilant observation and supplemental oxygen, is suitable for small, stable pneumothoraxes. Needle aspiration can be an effective first-line treatment, although it may fail in some instances, necessitating escalation. Ambulatory devices facilitate outpatient care and reduce the length of hospital stays. Chest drainage remains a cornerstone therapy. Indwelling pleural catheters may be implemented in selective cases. Endobronchial treatments, including valves and spigots, offer minimally invasive options for reducing the flow of air leaks. Medical thoracoscopy with talc poudrage provides both diagnostic and therapeutic benefits in patients unsuitable for surgery, while surgical intervention represents the gold standard for definitive treatment. Adjunctive interventions include talc slurry pleurodesis and autologous blood patch pleurodesis for patients unsuitable for surgery. Effective management necessitates individualized treatment plans, incorporating risk factor modification, pain management, and physiotherapy. This practical approach aims to update the reader on the treatment modalities that can be used in all forms of pneumothorax in clinical practice.