Effect of Endocrine Disruptors on Testicular Function.

Several classes of exogenous chemicals interfere with the endocrine system and disrupt the normal functioning of hormones, leading to a wide range of adverse health effects. The male reproductive system is particularly vulnerable to endocrine disruption, as it involves complex interactions between endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signals that regulate spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis within the testes. Exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDs) has been associated with reduced semen quality, including decreased sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Some endocrine disruptors have also been linked to alterations in testosterone levels, which impact overall male reproductive health. Bisphenol A, phthalates, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, organophosphate pesticides, and phytoestrogens are well-known endocrine disruptors that interfere with male reproductive functions. Furthermore, these substances have been associated with an increased risk of reproductive disorders such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and testicular cancer. Due to the presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in numerous consumer goods and personal care products, people encounter these harmful substances through ingestion, absorption, inhalation, and skin contact. However, the duration of exposure to a particular endocrine disruptor or exposure during a particular stage of development is the determining factor for testicular function. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of endocrine disruptors on testicular function, from molecular mechanisms to clinical outcomes.