Salajegheh Tazerji Sina, Magalhães Duarte Phelipe, Gharieb Rasha, Szarpak Lukasz, Pruc Michal, Rahman Md Tanvir, J Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso, Furqan Ilyas Muhammad, Santos Ferreira Maria de Nazaré, Singh Malik Yashpal, Kalantari Roozbeh, Shahrokhabadi Ava, Jafari Niloofar, Shahabinejad Fatemeh, Maleki Yasaman, Montajeb Sina, Mehrpouya Roya, Ahmadi Hadis, Vazir Bita, Kabir Farrokhreza, Rehman Abdul, Elmi Zahra, Hajipour Pouneh, El-Seedi Hesham R, Eisenreich Wolfgang, Shehata Awad A
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2025 Jan 30;2025:5571316. doi: 10.1155/tbed/5571316. eCollection 2025.
Wars have devastating effects on all the components of the One Health approach: humans, animals, and ecosystems. Wars and the resulting migratory waves massively disrupt normal animal health services and surveillance. Among other consequences, they adversely impact the early detection, prevention, and control of animal diseases. Uncontrolled movement of animals or their undisposed carcasses, the destruction of wildlife habitats, and the increased interface between humans, wildlife, and domestic animals contribute to uncontrolled transmission and spread of zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans. In the last millennium, zoonotic diseases such as the "Black Death" were triggered by devastating wars and led to the deaths of a large fraction of the human population. However, also recent and ongoing wars carry the risk of an uncontrollable increase in zoonotic diseases. The most significant zoonotic diseases reported during the recent wars are African swine fever, highly pathogenic avian influenza, rabies, leptospirosis, and brucellosis, as well as foodborne and waterborne zoonotic diseases. Indeed, alarming rates of infections by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens such as go along with wars, as seen in the current Ukraine-Russia conflict. Considering human migration, foodborne and waterborne zoonotic diseases are key health threats for refugees due to the consumption of unsafe food, lack of safe water, and disruption of the water supply and sanitation system. This review summarizes the potential factors and some data associated with the increased risk of zoonotic disease emergence and transmission during recent and ongoing conflicts.
战争对“同一健康”理念的所有组成部分，即人类、动物和生态系统，都具有毁灭性影响。战争以及由此引发的移民潮极大地扰乱了正常的动物卫生服务和监测。除其他后果外，它们还对动物疾病的早期发现、预防和控制产生不利影响。动物不受控制的移动或其未处理的尸体、野生动物栖息地的破坏，以及人类、野生动物和家畜之间接触的增加，都导致了人畜共患病原体从动物到人类的不受控制的传播和扩散。在上个千年，诸如“黑死病”等人畜共患病是由毁灭性战争引发的，并导致了很大一部分人类死亡。然而，近期和正在进行的战争也存在人畜共患病失控增加的风险。近期战争期间报告的最重要的人畜共患病是非洲猪瘟、高致病性禽流感、狂犬病、钩端螺旋体病和布鲁氏菌病，以及食源性和水源性人畜共患病。事实上，正如在当前俄乌冲突中所见，耐药病原体感染率令人担忧，这与战争相伴而生。考虑到人口迁移，由于食用不安全食品、缺乏安全饮用水以及供水和卫生系统中断，食源性和水源性人畜共患病是难民面临的主要健康威胁。本综述总结了近期和正在进行的冲突期间人畜共患病出现和传播风险增加的潜在因素及一些相关数据。
