The Spread of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus across Southeast Asia: Insights from Surveillance.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a notifiable, transboundary disease, causing substantial economic and welfare impacts in cattle. Prior to October 2020, LSD had not been reported in Southeast Asia; however, on 5 October 2020, Vietnam reported the first case in the region. This study aimed to investigate the initial spread of LSD virus (LSDV) in cattle across Southeast Asia between October 2020 and October 2021. LSD outbreak data were accessed from the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) database and analysed to investigate this spread via epidemic curves, disease maps, clustering, and descriptive statistics. During the epidemic period, 866 LSD outbreaks were reported from six Southeast Asian countries, consisting of 1,758,923 susceptible cattle, 93,465 cases, 5,936 deaths, and 1,117 cattle culled. Analysis revealed a propagated epidemic throughout Southeast Asia, with four major peaks in case numbers across Thailand and Vietnam. Three clusters of reported outbreaks were identified, and Thailand was found to be the epicentre of the outbreak in the region, which could reflect reporting bias and underreporting from other countries in Southeast Asia. High morbidity and mortality rates were reported, particularly in Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia, likely reflective of infection in a naïve population and lack of an effective vaccination program. These findings are in contrast to what has generally been described in other parts of the world. Furthermore, studies should examine the risk factors associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in this region. A greater understanding of LSD epidemiology in Southeast Asia will assist farmers and governments to implement effective control and prevention strategies that reduce the spread of disease to other regions and the potentially devastating impacts of LSD.