Transpulmonary passage of venous air emboli.

Twenty-seven paralyzed anesthetized dogs were embolized with venous air to determine the effectiveness of the pulmonary vasculature for bubble filtration or trapping. Air doses ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 ml X kg-1 X min-1 in 0.05-ml increments with ultrasonic Doppler monitors placed over arterial vessels to detect any microbubbles that crossed the lungs. Pulmonary vascular filtration of the venous air infusions was complete for the lower air doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.30 ml X kg-1 X min-1. When the air doses were increased to 0.35 ml X kg-1 X min-1, the filtration threshold was exceeded with arterial spillover of bubbles occurring in 50% of the animals and reaching 71% for 0.40 ml X kg-1 X min-1. Significant elevations were observed in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Systemic blood pressure and cardiac output decreased, whereas left ventricular end-diastolic pressure remained unchanged. The results indicate that the filtration of venous bubbles by the pulmonary vasculature was complete when the air infusion rates were kept below a threshold value of 0.30 ml X kg-1 X min-1.