HMI efficiency, usability and workload during take-over in AVs.

In highly automated vehicles the driver benefits from the technology which is able to control movement of the vehicle with only his or her supervision. It rises questions on how to manage driver attention in the face of sudden events that need his intervention. The following paper focuses on the result of the study of different Human-Machine Interfaces for Highway Chauffeur-SAE J3016 level 4 system capable to automatically drive in highway conditions-and the performance of control transition to the human driver in situation of operational domain exceedance. The study performed in high-fidelity car simulator for 81 participants that uses different HMI's: visual, auditory, haptic and personalized auditory shows the directions in which the novel interfaces may be developed to better interact with the users in safety-critical situations. Tactile-haptic interface gave the best prospects both in terms of objective indicators like time of reaction, and workload and in subjective users' opinions.