Animal culture: conservation in a changing world.

Social learning and animal culture can influence conservation outcomes in significant ways. Culture is a dynamic phenomenon; socially learned behaviours can be transmitted within and/or between generations and among populations, which can facilitate resilience, or in other circumstances generate vulnerability. Culture can be a driver of evolutionary diversification, population structure and demography, shaping sociality and influencing underlying biological processes such as reproduction and survival, affecting fitness. This theme issue synthesizes the current state of knowledge on cultural variation within major vertebrate taxa, offering practical insights on how social learning can interface directly with conservation interventions. It ranges over topics that include translocations, human-wildlife interactions and adaptation to anthropogenic change. Culture is complex; integrating cultural processes into conservation is challenging. No one-size-fits-all policy can be recommended. Instead, we aim to balance current understanding of underlying processes with a diversity of practical implementations in this nascent field, exploring and supporting developing pathways towards conservation efficiencies. Key themes that emerge include conserving cultural capacity, benefits of data sharing, along with the intrinsic value of animal cultures and the role of Indigenous Peoples and local communities.This article is part of the theme issue 'Animal culture: conservation in a changing world'.