Lu Jian, Wang Yi, Wu Jing, Duan Yusi, Zhang Haifang, Du Hong
Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
Front Immunol. 2025 Apr 16;16:1503474. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1503474. eCollection 2025.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a severe, chronic autoimmune disease affecting approximately 1% of the global population. Research has demonstrated that microorganisms play a crucial role in the onset and progression of RA. This indicates that the disruption of immune homeostasis may originate from mucosal sites, such as the gut and oral cavity. In the intestines of patients in the preclinical stage of RA, an increased abundance of species with a strong association to the disease was observed. In the oral cavity, infections by and can mediate the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), potentially contributing to RA pathogenesis. Nevertheless, no single bacterial species has been consistently identified as the primary driver of RA. This review will discuss the connection between gut and oral bacteria in the development of arthritis. Additionally, it explores the role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) in inducing inflammation and their potential pathogenic roles in RA.
类风湿性关节炎（RA）是一种严重的慢性自身免疫性疾病，影响着全球约1%的人口。研究表明，微生物在RA的发病和进展中起着关键作用。这表明免疫稳态的破坏可能起源于黏膜部位，如肠道和口腔。在RA临床前期患者的肠道中，观察到与该疾病密切相关的物种丰度增加。在口腔中，[具体细菌名称1]和[具体细菌名称2]感染可介导抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体（ACPA）的产生，这可能促进RA的发病机制。然而，尚未一致确定单一细菌物种是RA的主要驱动因素。本综述将讨论肠道和口腔细菌在关节炎发展中的联系。此外，还探讨了细菌细胞外囊泡（bEVs）在诱导炎症中的作用及其在RA中的潜在致病作用。
