Molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress responses in buckwheat.

Plants have endured evolutionary changes for hundreds of years under the impact of increasing abiotic and biotic stress due to increasing human activities over the past centuries. Scientists have been working to understand the molecular mechanisms of plant responses to severe environmental stress, as plants have complex molecular arrangements to respond and adapt to abiotic stress, including drought, cold, and heat stress. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is a resilient pseudocereal known for its nutritional value and adaptability to various environmental conditions, making it an essential crop in sustainable agriculture. It is particularly noted for its gluten-free nature and high-quality protein content, which benefit those with gluten sensitivities. However, recent studies revealed that buckwheat cultivation faces significant challenges from abiotic stressors such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and heavy metal toxicity, which can adversely affect its growth and yield. We have acknowledged key genes and factors in regulating complex responses and tolerance of plants in response to abiotic stresses. We compiled new data about diverse mechanisms by which different Fagopyrum species manage abiotic stress, encompassing physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations. As global food production demands rise, effective management strategies for these stress factors are increasingly critical for optimising buckwheat production and ensuring food security in a changing climate.