Society for Vascular Surgery Clinical Practice Guideline on the management of intermittent claudication: Focused update.

Intermittent claudication (IC) is the most common symptom of peripheral artery disease, which is a growing public health burden in the United States and globally. Patients with IC present with a broad spectrum of risk factors, comorbid conditions, range of disability, and treatment goals. Informed shared decision-making hinges on a comprehensive evaluation of these factors, patient education, and knowledge of the latest available evidence. In 2015, the Society for Vascular Surgery published a clinical practice guideline on the management of asymptomatic peripheral artery disease and IC. An expert writing group was commissioned to provide a focused update to this guideline on the management of IC. Based on the available evidence from published research conducted since the prior guideline, six specific key questions were formulated spanning the areas of antithrombotic management, exercise therapy, and revascularization for IC. A systematic review and evidence synthesis of each question was conducted by a dedicated methodology team. The GRADE approach was employed to describe the strength of each recommendation and level of certainty of evidence. The review identified major gaps in evidence particularly in the arena of comparative effectiveness for interventions (exercise, revascularization) across defined clinical subgroups and employing meaningful patient-centered outcomes. Twelve recommendations, among which are two best practice statements, are provided in this focused update. They address the use of dual pathway antithrombotic strategies, the role and type of exercise therapy, endovascular interventions for femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal disease, and the identification of specific risk factors that should be incorporated into shared decision-making around revascularization. A comprehensive and individualized approach to the management of patients with IC, relying first on education, risk factor control, optimal medical therapy, and exercise, is emphasized. A rubric for decision-making that includes a thorough assessment of risk, benefits, degree of impairment, and treatment durability, is considered fundamental to a patient-centered approach in IC. Significant unmet research needs in this field are also enumerated.