Kumar Prashant, Hama Sarkawt, Cheung Ho Yin Wickson, Hadjichristodoulou Christos, Mouchtouri Varvara A, Anagnostopoulos Lemonia, Kourentis Leonidas, Wang Zhaozhi, Galea Edwin R, Ewer John, Grandison Angus, Jia Fuchen, Siilin Niko
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom.
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jun 10;980:179571. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179571. Epub 2025 May 2.
The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated a profound inability of pre-pandemic passenger ship policies implemented by both ship operators and governmental authorities to detect and address newly emerging diseases. The essentiality of maritime transport puts into focus the risk of approach to address known and new emerging airborne infectious diseases that, due to increasing capacity, are likely to occur on passenger ships. In order to enhance the passenger experience, prepare shipping for pandemics like COVID-19, and improve the resilience and safety of the industry, this review critically synthesises existing literature on (1) monitoring ventilation conditions and aerosol dispersion, linking them to airborne transmission risk using airborne aerosols and ventilation performance as input parameters for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and (2) modelling airborne disease transmission risk in controlled passenger ship environments. This review analysed 39 studies on aerosol monitoring, thermal comfort, and infection risk modelling on passenger ships (2000-2023). Additionally, 55 papers on CFD modelling of airborne pathogen dispersion were reviewed: 22 included validation, with most focused on built environments and only four specifically addressing ship environments. Two major challenges relate to the complexity and poorly characterised ventilation boundary conditions on passenger ships, and the other is the lack of suitable validation data. For this reason, ship experimental studies are required for CFD model validation. Only a handful of studies were found that have measured aerosol concentrations on board passenger ships. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies conducted on aerosol mass or airborne transmission sampling on board passenger ships or other types of vessels. The results of this review have the potential to create synergistic connections between experimental and modelling studies to inform, characterise and improve the development of numerical models that can accurately estimate infection risk on ships for prevention, mitigation and management of outbreaks.
新冠疫情表明，船运公司和政府当局在疫情前实施的客船政策，在检测和应对新出现的疾病方面存在严重不足。海上运输的重要性凸显了应对已知和新出现的空气传播传染病的风险，由于载客量增加，这些疾病很可能在客船上发生。为了提升乘客体验、让航运业为类似新冠疫情这样的大流行做好准备，并提高该行业的恢复力和安全性，本综述批判性地综合了现有文献，内容涉及：（1）监测通风条件和气溶胶扩散情况，并将其与空气传播风险联系起来，将空气气溶胶和通风性能作为计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟的输入参数；（2）对客船受控环境中的空气传播疾病传播风险进行建模。本综述分析了39项关于客船气溶胶监测、热舒适性和感染风险建模的研究（2000 - 2023年）。此外，还综述了55篇关于空气传播病原体扩散的CFD建模论文：其中22篇包含验证内容，大多数关注建筑环境领域，只有4篇专门针对船舶环境。两大挑战分别是客船通风边界条件的复杂性和特征描述不足，另一个是缺乏合适的验证数据。因此，需要进行船舶实验研究来验证CFD模型。仅发现少数研究测量了客船上的气溶胶浓度。据我们所知，尚未有在客船或其他类型船舶上进行气溶胶质量或空气传播采样的研究。本综述的结果有可能在实验研究和建模研究之间建立协同联系，为能够准确估计船舶感染风险以预防、缓解和管理疫情爆发的数值模型的开发提供信息、进行特征描述并加以改进。
