Ahn Jiseul Sophia, Kil Hali, Ratelle Catherine F, Mageau Geneviève A
School of Psychoeducation, Universite de Montreal.
Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University.
J Fam Psychol. 2025 Aug;39(5):639-651. doi: 10.1037/fam0001346. Epub 2025 May 5.
Despite the well-documented developmental benefits and costs of autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting, little is known about the extent to which parents engage in both types of parenting in real life and its implications for child functioning. This study aimed to examine how combinations of these two seemingly opposite parenting dimensions may contribute to children's perceptions of parenting and developmental outcomes. To this end, we used a data set pooled from six independent samples, involving 3,843 Canadian parents ( = 41; 68% mothers) to identify profiles of parenting, using parent-reported autonomy-supportive and controlling behaviors. Parent profiles were then associated with child-perceived parenting and child outcomes, as well as parent-related predictors. A latent profile analysis found four profiles of parents: In most cases, autonomy-supportive and controlling behaviors covaried, most parents simultaneously exhibiting comparable levels of these two parenting dimensions, while only 17% of the parents reported engaging predominantly in autonomy support. This subgroup of parents was perceived by their children to be most autonomy-supportive; their children also showed better school grades and fewer externalizing problems. High-earning and highly educated parents tended to be predominantly autonomy-supportive, while parents whose self-worth was tied to their child's success (i.e., ego-involved parents) tended to resort predominantly to controlling parenting. Finally, we found that when controlling parenting is present, parents and children greatly differ in their assessments of autonomy support, with children perceiving less parental autonomy support than parents' self-reports. These findings shed light on the implications of pairing controlling with autonomy-supportive behaviors within a single parenting style. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
尽管有充分的文献记载了自主性支持型和控制型育儿方式对孩子发展的益处和代价，但对于父母在现实生活中在多大程度上采用这两种育儿方式及其对孩子功能的影响，我们却知之甚少。本研究旨在探讨这两个看似相反的育儿维度的组合如何影响孩子对养育方式的认知以及发展结果。为此，我们使用了一个从六个独立样本汇总而来的数据集，涉及3843名加拿大父母（平均年龄 = 41岁；68%为母亲），通过父母报告的自主性支持行为和控制行为来确定育儿方式的类型。然后将父母类型与孩子对养育方式的认知、孩子的发展结果以及与父母相关的预测因素联系起来。潜在类别分析发现了四种父母类型：在大多数情况下，自主性支持行为和控制行为是共同变化的，大多数父母同时表现出这两种育儿维度的相当水平，而只有17%的父母报告主要采用自主性支持型育儿方式。这一亚组的父母被他们的孩子认为是最具自主性支持的；他们的孩子在学校成绩也更好，外化问题更少。高收入和高学历的父母往往主要采用自主性支持型育儿方式，而将自我价值与孩子的成功联系在一起的父母（即自我卷入型父母）往往主要采用控制型育儿方式。最后，我们发现当存在控制型育儿方式时，父母和孩子对自主性支持的评估存在很大差异，孩子感知到的父母自主性支持比父母自己报告的要少。这些发现揭示了在单一育儿方式中结合控制型与自主性支持型行为的影响。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》（c）2025美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
