Bladt Lola, Vermeulen Jiri, Vermandel Alexandra, De Win Gunter, Van Campenhout Lukas
Department of Research and Development, Minze Health NV, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Product Development, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Interact J Med Res. 2025 May 5;14:e66336. doi: 10.2196/66336.
Urinary incontinence affects approximately 7% to 10% of children during the day and 9% to 12% of children during the night. Treatment mainly involves lifestyle advice and behavioral methods, but motivation and adherence are low. Traditional tools such as pen-and-paper solutions may feel outdated and no longer meet the needs of today's "digital native" children. Meanwhile, digital interventions have already shown effectiveness in other pediatric health care areas.
This scoping review aimed to identify and map innovative, technology-driven, digital tools for managing pediatric urinary incontinence.
PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched in March 2022 without date restrictions, complemented by cross-referencing. Studies were eligible if they focused on pediatric patients (aged ≤18 years) with bladder and bowel dysfunctions and explored noninvasive, technology-based interventions such as digital health, remote monitoring, and gamification. Studies on adults, invasive treatments, and conventional methods without tangible tools were excluded. Gray literature was considered, but non-English-language, inaccessible, or result-lacking articles were excluded. A formal critical appraisal was not conducted as the focus was on mapping existing tools rather than evaluating effectiveness. Data analysis combined descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis, categorizing tools through iterative coding and team discussions.
In total, 66 articles were included, with nearly one-third (21/66, 32%) focusing on nocturnal enuresis. Our analysis led to the identification of six main categories of tools: (1) digital self-management (7/66, 11%); (2) serious games (7/66, 11%); (3) reminder technology (6/66, 9%); (4) educational media (12/66, 18%), further divided into video (5/12, 42%) and other media (7/12, 58%); (5) telehealth and remote patient monitoring (13/66, 20%), with subcategories of communication (5/13, 38%) and technological advances (8/13, 62%); and (6) enuresis alarm innovations (21/66, 32%), further divided into novel configurations (8/21, 38%) and prevoid alarms (13/21, 62%).
The field of pediatric urinary incontinence demonstrates a considerable level of innovation, as evidenced by the inclusion of 66 studies. Many tools identified in this review were described as promising and feasible alternatives to traditional methods. These tools were reported to enhance engagement, improve compliance, and increase patient satisfaction and preference while also having the potential to save time for health care providers. However, this review also identified gaps in research, highlighting the need for more rigorous research to better assess the tools' effectiveness and address the complex, multifaceted challenges of pediatric urinary incontinence management. Limitations of this review include restricting the search to 3 databases, excluding non-English-language articles, the broad scope, and single-reviewer screening, although frequent team discussions ensured rigor. We propose that future tools should integrate connected, adaptive, and personalized approaches that align with stakeholder needs, guided by a multidisciplinary, human-centered framework combining both qualitative and quantitative insights.
尿失禁影响约7%至10%的儿童日间排尿及9%至12%的儿童夜间排尿。治疗主要包括生活方式建议和行为方法，但患儿的积极性和依从性较低。笔纸记录等传统工具可能显得过时，不再满足当今“数字原生代”儿童的需求。与此同时，数字干预在其他儿科医疗领域已显示出有效性。
本范围综述旨在识别和梳理用于管理小儿尿失禁的创新型、技术驱动的数字工具。
2022年3月检索了PubMed、Web of Science和Cochrane图书馆，无日期限制，并辅以交叉引用。纳入的研究需聚焦于患有膀胱和肠道功能障碍的儿科患者（年龄≤18岁），并探索基于技术的非侵入性干预措施，如数字健康、远程监测和游戏化。排除针对成人、侵入性治疗以及无实体工具的传统方法的研究。考虑了灰色文献，但排除了非英文、无法获取或无结果的文章。由于重点是梳理现有工具而非评估有效性，因此未进行正式的批判性评价。数据分析结合了描述性统计和定性内容分析，通过迭代编码和团队讨论对工具进行分类。
共纳入66篇文章，近三分之一（21/66，32%）聚焦于夜间遗尿症。我们的分析确定了六大类工具：（1）数字自我管理（7/66，11%）；（2）严肃游戏（7/66，11%）；（3）提醒技术（6/66，9%）；（4）教育媒体（12/66，18%），进一步分为视频（5/12，42%）和其他媒体（7/12，58%）；（5）远程医疗和远程患者监测（13/66，20%），细分为通信（5/13，38%）和技术进步（8/13，62%）；（6）遗尿警报创新（21/66，32%），进一步分为新型配置（8/21，38%）和排尿前警报（13/21，62%）。
小儿尿失禁领域展现出相当程度的创新，66项研究表明了这一点。本综述中确定的许多工具被描述为传统方法有前景且可行的替代方案。据报道，这些工具可提高参与度、改善依从性、增加患者满意度和偏好，同时还有可能为医护人员节省时间。然而，本综述也发现了研究中的差距，强调需要更严格的研究，以更好地评估这些工具的有效性，并应对小儿尿失禁管理中复杂、多方面的挑战。本综述的局限性包括将检索限制在3个数据库、排除非英文文章、范围广泛以及单 reviewerscreening，尽管频繁的团队讨论确保了严谨性。我们建议未来的工具应整合与利益相关者需求相匹配的连接、自适应和个性化方法，并以结合定性和定量见解的多学科、以人为本的框架为指导。
