Yao Yao, Yang Yuanyuan
School of Public Management, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, 500025, China.
School of Tourism Management, Guizhou University of Commerce, Guiyang, 550014, China.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 6;15(1):15767. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-99295-z.
Effective landscape management is vital for maximizing the availability of ecosystem service functions (ESF). However, how landscape pattern simultaneously affects multiple ESF across time and space, specifically regarding changes in their relationships, has not been comprehensively evaluated. Accordingly, the current study examines the dynamic impact of landscape pattern on the interactions among ES trade-offs in China's Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 1990 to 2020. Five key ESF are evaluated: carbon sequestration (CS), food supply (FS), habitat quality (HQ), water retention (WR), and soil conservation (SC). The geographical and temporal weighted regression model is adopted to analyze how these relationships are influenced by changes in the landscape pattern over 30 years. Over the past three decades, the overall amounts of FS, WR, and SC have increased, with only WR exhibiting a sustained increasing trend, while CS and HQ have significantly decreased. The trade-off coordination effects among the ESF generally transitioned from trade-offs to synergies, with the CS-FS change more pronounced, shifting from weak trade-offs (- 0.29) to synergies (0.20). Significant spatial variations were also observed. Most landscape pattern significantly impact the relationships among ESF. Specifically, landscape composition has a stronger influence on ecosystems than configuration; however, these effects are diverse and often inconsistent, requiring decision-makers to continuously balance landscape management. The impacts of landscape pattern on the relationships between SC and other ESF (CS-SC, HQ-SC, HQ-SC, and WR-SC) were consistent, with the most prominent impact on CS-SC. This suggests that landscape pattern exerts a comparatively steady impact on CS, benefiting from the contributions of decision-makers to soil conservation in regional land parcels. These results underscore the intricate responses of inter-ecosystem relationships to landscape pattern and the need for dynamic trade-offs in landscape management. Cumulatively, this study provides crucial guidance for policymakers in designing effective landscape management policies to mitigate ecological degradation.
有效的景观管理对于最大限度地发挥生态系统服务功能（ESF）至关重要。然而，景观格局如何在时空上同时影响多种生态系统服务功能，特别是它们之间关系的变化，尚未得到全面评估。因此，本研究考察了1990年至2020年中国长江经济带（YREB）景观格局对生态系统服务权衡关系的动态影响。评估了五项关键的生态系统服务功能：碳固存（CS）、食物供应（FS）、栖息地质量（HQ）、水分保持（WR）和土壤保持（SC）。采用地理和时间加权回归模型来分析这些关系如何受到30年来景观格局变化的影响。在过去三十年中，食物供应、水分保持和土壤保持的总量有所增加，只有水分保持呈现持续增加的趋势，而碳固存和栖息地质量则显著下降。生态系统服务功能之间的权衡协调效应总体上从权衡转向协同，碳固存 - 食物供应的变化更为明显，从弱权衡（-0.29）转变为协同（0.20）。还观察到显著的空间差异。大多数景观格局对生态系统服务功能之间的关系有显著影响。具体而言，景观组成对生态系统的影响比格局更强；然而，这些影响是多样的，且往往不一致，这要求决策者不断平衡景观管理。景观格局对土壤保持与其他生态系统服务功能（碳固存 - 土壤保持、栖息地质量 - 土壤保持、栖息地质量 - 土壤保持和水分保持 - 土壤保持）之间关系的影响是一致的，对碳固存 - 土壤保持的影响最为突出。这表明景观格局对碳固存产生了相对稳定的影响，这得益于决策者对区域地块土壤保持的贡献。这些结果强调了生态系统间关系对景观格局的复杂响应以及景观管理中动态权衡的必要性。总体而言，本研究为政策制定者设计有效的景观管理政策以减轻生态退化提供了关键指导。
