Moreira André F, Filipe Hugo A L, Miguel Sónia P, Ribeiro Maximiano J, Coutinho Paula
BRIDGES - Biotechnology Research, Innovation, and Design of Health Products, Polytechnic of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal.
Nanomedicine (Lond). 2025 Jun;20(11):1339-1353. doi: 10.1080/17435889.2025.2500912. Epub 2025 May 6.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess unique properties, including low toxicity and excellent optical characteristics, making them highly appealing for biomedical applications. The plasmonic photothermal effect of AuNPs has been explored to trigger localized hyperthermia. Four commonly explored gold nanoparticles (spheres, rods, stars, and cages) are produced and optimized to present the localized surface plasmon resonance effect in the near-infrared region, exploiting the increased penetration in the human body. Additionally, the production of hybrid AuNPs, combining them with other materials, such as silica, graphene, zinc oxide, polymers, and small molecules has been explored to amplify the photothermal effect ( ≥ 45ºC). This review provides an overview of AuNPs' application in photothermal therapy, describing the general synthesis processes and the main particle parameters that affect their application in photothermal therapy, including the hybrid nanomaterials. Associated with this rapid progress, surface functionalization can also improve colloidal stability, safety, and therapeutic outcomes. In this regard, we also highlight the emerging trend of applying cell-derived vesicles as biomimetic coatings, capable of evading immune recognition, increasing blood circulation, and targeting specific tissues. In addition, the challenges and future developments of AuNPs for accelerating the clinical translations are discussed in light of their therapeutic and theragnostic potential.
金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）具有独特的性质，包括低毒性和优异的光学特性，这使其在生物医学应用中极具吸引力。人们已经探索了AuNPs的等离子体光热效应以引发局部热疗。制备并优化了四种常见的金纳米颗粒（球体、棒体、星形体和笼状体），以在近红外区域呈现局部表面等离子体共振效应，利用其在人体中增强的穿透性。此外，还探索了将AuNPs与其他材料（如二氧化硅、石墨烯、氧化锌、聚合物和小分子）结合以放大光热效应（≥45ºC）的杂化AuNPs的制备。本综述概述了AuNPs在光热疗法中的应用，描述了一般的合成过程以及影响其在光热疗法中应用的主要颗粒参数，包括杂化纳米材料。伴随着这一快速进展，表面功能化还可以提高胶体稳定性、安全性和治疗效果。在这方面，我们还强调了应用细胞衍生囊泡作为仿生涂层的新兴趋势，其能够逃避免疫识别、增加血液循环并靶向特定组织。此外，鉴于AuNPs的治疗和诊疗潜力，讨论了其加速临床转化所面临的挑战和未来发展。
