MXene-based nanocomposites: synthesis, optical properties, and biomedical applications.

With the discovery and in-depth research of 2D carbide/nitride MXene, MXene-based nanocomposites have attracted widespread attention due to their unique enhancement and synergistic effects, demonstrating tremendous application potential in the biomedical field. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive discussion of the synthesis methods, optical properties, and biomedical applications of MXene-based nanocomposites. Firstly, it discusses and compares various synthesis methods for MXenes and MXene-based nanocomposites, and categorizes the combination types based on surface engineering strategies and distinct properties. Subsequently, the optical properties of MXene-based nanocomposites are summarized, including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). Furthermore, this review provides an in-depth discussion of the applications of MXene-based nanocomposites in biosensors, optical therapeutics, and bioimaging. Finally, we thoroughly explore the challenges and opportunities for the future development of MXene-based nanocomposites, aiming to offer a feasible approach for the development of high-performance materials for biomedical applications.