Sun Chengqi, Ge Maosheng, Tan Shuhuang, Liu Yichen, Wang Haowei, Jiang Wenhao, Zhang Shoujun, Sun Yin
Naval Architecture and Shipping College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment for South China Sea Marine Ranching, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
Molecules. 2025 Apr 19;30(8):1843. doi: 10.3390/molecules30081843.
3d transition metal oxides composed of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni have emerged as promising candidates for supercapacitor electrode materials due to their high theoretical specific capacitance, abundant redox-active sites, variable oxidation states, environmental friendliness, and low cost. Various synthesis strategies have been developed to fabricate these nanostructures, including hydrothermal/solvothermal methods, sol-gel processing, and microwave-assisted synthesis. Among them, microwave irradiation technology, with its rapid heating characteristics and unique thermal/non-thermal effects, offers significant advantages in controlling crystallinity and particle size distribution, suppressing particle agglomeration, and enhancing material purity. Furthermore, microwave effects facilitate the self-assembly and morphological evolution of transition metal oxides, promote the formation of crystal defects, and strengthen interfacial interactions. These effects enable precise microstructural tuning, leading to an increased specific surface area and a higher density of active sites, ultimately enhancing specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability. In recent years, microwave-assisted synthesis has made significant progress in constructing 3d transition metal oxides and their composites, particularly in the development of single-metal and binary-metal oxides, as well as their hybrids with carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes) and other metal oxides. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on microwave-assisted techniques for 3d transition metal oxide-based nanomaterials, with a particular focus on the role of microwave effects in morphology control, interfacial optimization, and electrochemical performance enhancement. Additionally, key challenges in current research are critically analyzed, and potential optimization strategies are proposed. This review aims to provide new insights and perspectives for advancing microwave-assisted synthesis of 3d transition metal oxides in energy storage applications.
由锰、铁、钴和镍组成的三维过渡金属氧化物，因其高理论比电容、丰富的氧化还原活性位点、可变的氧化态、环境友好性和低成本，已成为超级电容器电极材料的有前途的候选者。人们已经开发出各种合成策略来制备这些纳米结构，包括水热/溶剂热法、溶胶-凝胶法和微波辅助合成法。其中，微波辐射技术具有快速加热特性和独特的热/非热效应，在控制结晶度和粒度分布、抑制颗粒团聚以及提高材料纯度方面具有显著优势。此外，微波效应促进了过渡金属氧化物的自组装和形态演变，促进了晶体缺陷的形成，并增强了界面相互作用。这些效应能够实现精确的微观结构调控，导致比表面积增加和活性位点密度提高，最终提高比电容、倍率性能和循环稳定性。近年来，微波辅助合成在构建三维过渡金属氧化物及其复合材料方面取得了显著进展，特别是在单金属和双金属氧化物以及它们与碳基材料（如石墨烯和碳纳米管）和其他金属氧化物的杂化物的开发方面。本文系统总结了基于三维过渡金属氧化物的纳米材料的微波辅助技术的研究进展，特别关注微波效应在形态控制、界面优化和电化学性能增强中的作用。此外，对当前研究中的关键挑战进行了批判性分析，并提出了潜在的优化策略。本文旨在为推进微波辅助合成三维过渡金属氧化物在储能应用中的发展提供新的见解和观点。
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