Gunasekaran Savita, Tay Eng Hong, Shafie Saleha, Shahwan Shazana, Wang Peizhi, Zhang YunJue, Satghare Pratika, Tan Sing Chik, Ni Michael Y, Lun Phyllis, Chong Siow Ann, Subramaniam Mythily
Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Front Public Health. 2025 Apr 24;13:1516829. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1516829. eCollection 2025.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global adverse event that affected many individuals' well-being. Resilience is an essential component that allows one to cope during stressful events such as the pandemic. Not many studies have longitudinally explored changes in resilience across time during the pandemic in the Southeast Asia region. The current article investigates resilience and the sociodemographic and psychological factors associated with resilience across two waves of survey of a Singapore adult population.
The study was conducted across two timepoints from May 2020 to June 2021 (T1) and October 2021 to September 2022 (T2). 1129 participants partook during T1 (response rate = 54.8%) and 858 participants partook during T2 (response rate = 76.0%). The questionnaire included sociodemographic information and measures such as the Brief Resilience Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7, the stress component of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and four COVID-19-related stressors. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were utilized to investigate the relationships adjusting for timepoints.
Most participants had normal levels of resilience ( = 3.61, SD = 0.62), and resilience scores did not differ much over time ( = 0.852). Males, younger adults, university-educated, employed individuals, and individuals living in private housing had higher levels of resilience. Higher levels of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, stress, and one specific COVID-19-related stressor (i.e., employment concerns) were associated with lower levels of resilience. Individuals who reported having moderate to severe depression and anxiety symptoms were more likely to have low resilience.
The findings suggest that resilience levels remained within the normal range and unchanged over time, reflective of the population's ability to cope with the pandemic. However, there is still a need for more targeted interventions for individuals who are more vulnerable to lower resilience. Continued research is also needed to understand the long-term psychological effects of the pandemic.
新冠疫情是一场影响众多个人福祉的全球不良事件。心理韧性是使人在诸如疫情这种压力事件中得以应对的关键要素。在东南亚地区，纵向探究疫情期间心理韧性随时间变化的研究并不多。本文通过对新加坡成年人群体的两轮调查，研究心理韧性以及与心理韧性相关的社会人口学和心理因素。
该研究在两个时间点开展，分别为2020年5月至2021年6月（T1）以及2021年10月至2022年9月（T2）。1129名参与者参与了T1阶段（应答率 = 54.8%），858名参与者参与了T2阶段（应答率 = 76.0%）。问卷包括社会人口学信息以及诸如简易心理韧性量表、患者健康问卷 - 9、广泛性焦虑障碍量表 - 7、抑郁、焦虑和压力量表的压力分量表，还有四个与新冠疫情相关的压力源。采用广义估计方程（GEE）来研究经时间点调整后的关系。
大多数参与者的心理韧性水平正常（均值 = 3.61，标准差 = 0.62），且心理韧性得分随时间变化差异不大（均值 = 0.852）。男性以及年龄较小、受过大学教育、有工作且居住在私人住房的个体心理韧性水平较高。焦虑症状、抑郁症状、压力水平较高以及一个特定的与新冠疫情相关的压力源（即就业担忧）与较低的心理韧性水平相关。报告有中度至重度抑郁和焦虑症状的个体更有可能心理韧性较低。
研究结果表明，心理韧性水平保持在正常范围内且随时间未发生变化，这反映了人群应对疫情的能力。然而，对于心理韧性较低的更脆弱个体，仍需要更具针对性的干预措施。还需要持续开展研究以了解疫情的长期心理影响。
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