Zhang Zaibao, Xiong Tao, Li Kejia, Huang Kexin, Wu Siyu, Wu Luhui
School of Life and Health Science, Huzhou College, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China.
College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
Front Plant Sci. 2025 Apr 24;16:1544527. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1544527. eCollection 2025.
Copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) catalyze the terminal oxidation of polyamines (PAs), producing ammonium, an aminoaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide (HO). Plant CuAOs are induced by stress-related hormones such as methyl-jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA). Mammalian copper-containing amine oxidases (CAOs), encoded by four genes (AOC1-4) that catalyze the oxidation of primary amines to aldehydes, regulate various biological processes and are linked to diseases like inflammatory conditions and histamine intolerance. To understand the evolutionary history and functional divergence of CuAOs, we conducted phylogenetic and expression analyses of CuAOs in plants and animals. In this study, the () genes were identified by HMMER and BLASTP, and verified by CDD/HMM/SMART. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using Muscle5, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by IQ-TREE2. The syntenic relationship was analyzed by MCScanX and CIRCOS. Meanwhile, the expression data of and human and other species were integrated for analysis. Here, 950 and 264 CuAO orthologues were identified in 188 plant and 79 animal genomes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that CuAO originated in the common ancestor before the divergence of plants and animals. The copy numbers of CuAOs vary significantly across plant species, whereas they remain relatively stable in animal species, generally maintaining 3-4 copies per species. During the evolutionary process, plant CuAOs formed two clades (I and II), while animal CuAOs formed three clades (CAO-like, AOC1, AOC2-4). Interestingly, plant clade I CuAOs lacks the active site motif T/S-X-X-N-Y-D. The further differentiation of plant clade II CuAOs is related to the preference for X and X active sites. CAO-like and AOC1 are monophyletic branches. Mammalian AOC2-4 is separated from non-mammalian AOC2-4, and the differentiation of mammalian AOC3 and AOC4 occurs in a species-specific manner. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of the gene family in plants and animals at the genome-wide level. These findings lay a crucial foundation for future research to conduct in-depth functional characterization.
含铜胺氧化酶（CuAOs）催化多胺（PAs）的末端氧化，生成铵、氨基醛和过氧化氢（HO）。植物CuAOs受茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）、脱落酸（ABA）和水杨酸（SA）等应激相关激素诱导。哺乳动物含铜胺氧化酶（CAOs）由四个基因（AOC1 - 4）编码，催化伯胺氧化为醛，调节各种生物学过程，并与炎症和组胺不耐受等疾病相关。为了解CuAOs的进化历史和功能差异，我们对植物和动物中的CuAOs进行了系统发育和表达分析。在本研究中，通过HMMER和BLASTP鉴定（）基因，并经CDD/HMM/SMART验证。使用Muscle5进行多序列比对，通过IQ-TREE2构建系统发育树。通过MCScanX和CIRCOS分析共线性关系。同时，整合（）以及人类和其他物种的表达数据进行分析。在此，在188个植物基因组和79个动物基因组中鉴定出950个和264个CuAO直系同源物。系统发育分析表明，CuAO起源于动植物分化之前的共同祖先。植物物种中CuAOs的拷贝数差异显著，而在动物物种中它们相对稳定，通常每个物种保持3 - 4个拷贝。在进化过程中，植物CuAOs形成两个分支（I和II），而动物CuAOs形成三个分支（CAO样、AOC1、AOC2 - 4）。有趣的是，植物分支I的CuAOs缺乏活性位点基序T/S - X - X - N - Y - D。植物分支II的CuAOs的进一步分化与对X和X活性位点的偏好有关。CAO样和AOC1是单系分支。哺乳动物的AOC2 - 4与非哺乳动物的AOC2 - 4分离，哺乳动物AOC3和AOC4的分化以物种特异性方式发生。我们的研究在全基因组水平上全面了解了植物和动物中（）基因家族的进化轨迹。这些发现为未来进行深入功能表征的研究奠定了关键基础。
