Evolution of pain management in lung cancer surgery: from opioid-based to personalized analgesia.

Pain management in lung cancer resection has undergone a paradigm shift from opioid-centric approaches to multimodal analgesia, and more recently, personalized strategies that integrate the principles of precision medicine. Historically, opioids have been the mainstay of perioperative analgesia. However, concerns regarding opioid-related adverse effects, including respiratory depression, immunosuppression, and potential oncologic implications, have driven the adoption of opioid-sparing techniques. Current strategies emphasize multimodal analgesia, combining nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, regional anesthesia, and adjunctive agents to enhance pain control while minimizing opioid exposure. However, growing evidence suggests that perioperative analgesics may differentially influence tumor biology depending on molecular and genetic factors, necessitating a more tailored approach. This has led to the emergence of precision oncoanesthesia, which aims to integrate tumor-specific genomic insights into perioperative pain management. Although promising, the clinical implementation of precision oncoanesthesia remains in its early stages, with key challenges including the lack of large-scale prospective studies, limited real- time genomic profiling in anesthetic planning, and variability in patient responses to analgesics. Future research should focus on identifying biomarkers that predict individual responses to perioperative analgesia and establishing evidence-based guidelines for precision- based pain management. By evolving beyond traditional opioid reliance and standard analgesic protocols, perioperative pain management in lung cancer surgery can align with emerging precision medicine approaches, ensuring effective pain control and optimized oncologic outcomes.