Cancer Biomarkers and Precision Oncology: A Review of Recent Trends and Innovations.

The discovery of cancer-specific biomarkers has resulted in major advancements in the field of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, therefore significantly lowering cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Cancer biomarkers can be generally classified as prognostic biomarkers that predict specific disease outcomes and predictive biomarkers that predict disease response to targeted therapeutic interventions. As research in the area of predictive biomarkers continues to grow, precision medicine becomes far more integrated in cancer treatment. This article presents a general overview on the most recent advancements in the area of cancer biomarkers, immunotherapy, artificial intelligence, and pharmacogenomics of the Middle East.