Cheng Xiuli, Zhou Xiangyu, Wang Wenping, Chen Jing, Cao Yikun, Wen Jia, Hu Jin
Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China.
Preperation Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025 Apr 25;13:1586924. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1586924. eCollection 2025.
empyreumatic oil (SoA oil) exhibits therapeutic potential for psoriasis and eczema but suffers from poor skin permeability and formulation challenges. To overcome these limitations, a nanoemulsion (NE) gel was developed. The NE was optimized using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and rheological properties. Skin permeability and retention were assessed using Franz diffusion cells, with oxymatrine quantified by HPLC. skin irritation was tested on rabbit dorsal skin, and anti-biofilm activity was evaluated against (. ) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA). A final concentration of 5% SoA oil in the NE formulation was used for subsequent studies. The optimized SoA oil NE (the NE) had a mean droplet size of 53.27 nm, PDI of 0.236, and zeta potential of -38.13 mV. Adding 2% carbomer 940 (CP940) to the gel enhanced viscoelasticity. The NE showed superior skin permeability and higher cutaneous retention of oxymatrine. SoA oil caused moderate irritation to the skin of rabbits, while the other two formulations did not. The NE demonstrated enhanced biofilm inhibition against at 0.09766 mg/mL, with an 8.9% rate surpassing SoA oil (2.0%) and SoA oil NE gel (the gel, 4.0%). At 12.50 mg/mL, the NE and the gel achieved slightly higher inhibition rates (81.7% and 82.1%, respectively) than SoA oil (78.3%). Notably, the NE showed significantly greater anti-biofilm effects against MRSA within the concentration range from 0.09766 to 3.12 mg/mL ( < 0.001). In mature biofilm clearance against , the NE demonstrated a clearance rate of 4.9% at 0.09766 mg/mL, while SoA oil and the NE gel achieved clearance rates of 2.3% and 0.8%, respectively. At a higher concentration of 12.50 mg/mL, the clearance rate for the NE increased to 38.1%, significantly outperforming SoA oil (29.1%) and the NE gel (36.4%). Against MRSA, the NE and the gel displayed significantly improved clearance at 12.50 mg/mL (42.7% and 43.9%, respectively) compared to SoA oil (31.9%) ( < 0.0001). These findings highlight the potential of nanotechnology-driven delivery systems to improve the clinical application of herbal extracts for treating biofilm-associated dermatological infections.
焦油性油（SoA油）对银屑病和湿疹具有治疗潜力，但存在皮肤渗透性差和制剂方面的挑战。为克服这些局限性，开发了一种纳米乳剂（NE）凝胶。使用伪三元相图对NE进行优化，并对其液滴大小、多分散指数（PDI）、zeta电位和流变学性质进行表征。使用Franz扩散池评估皮肤渗透性和滞留情况，通过高效液相色谱法对氧化苦参碱进行定量。在兔背部皮肤进行皮肤刺激性测试，并针对（.）和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）评估抗生物膜活性。NE制剂中SoA油的最终浓度为5%用于后续研究。优化后的SoA油NE（NE）平均液滴大小为53.27 nm，PDI为0.236，zeta电位为 -38.13 mV。向凝胶中添加2%的卡波姆940（CP940）可增强粘弹性。NE显示出优异的皮肤渗透性和氧化苦参碱在皮肤中的更高滞留量。SoA油对兔皮肤有中度刺激，而其他两种制剂则无此现象。NE在0.09766 mg/mL时对（.）表现出增强的生物膜抑制作用，抑制率为8.9%，超过SoA油（2.0%）和SoA油NE凝胶（凝胶，4.0%）。在12.50 mg/mL时，NE和凝胶的抑制率（分别为81.7%和82.1%）略高于SoA油（78.3%）。值得注意的是，在0.09766至3.12 mg/mL的浓度范围内，NE对MRSA的抗生物膜作用显著更强（P < 0.001）。在针对（.）的成熟生物膜清除方面，NE在0.09766 mg/mL时清除率为4.9%，而SoA油和NE凝胶的清除率分别为2.3%和0.8%。在较高浓度12.50 mg/mL时，NE的清除率提高到38.1%，显著优于SoA油（29.1%）和NE凝胶（36.4%）。针对MRSA，在12.50 mg/mL时，NE和凝胶的清除率（分别为42.7%和43.9%）相比SoA油（31.9%）有显著提高（P < 0.0001）。这些发现突出了纳米技术驱动的递送系统在改善草药提取物治疗生物膜相关皮肤感染临床应用方面的潜力。
