Almoliky Mokhtar Abdo, Alsaif Bandar, Saleh Khalil A, Alkubati Sameer A, Hassan Sehar-Un-Nisa, Algahtani Fahad D, Aldhmadi Badr Khalaf Mubarak, Assaggaf Hamza Mohammad, Alzain Mohamed Ali
Medical Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing; University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia.
Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.
Int J Gen Med. 2025 May 5;18:2401-2416. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S518258. eCollection 2025.
BACKGROUND/AIM: 10-20% of people infected with the coronavirus infection have long COVID symptoms, therefore, current research is the first regional assessment in Saudi Arabia to determine the relationship between long-term health complaints of COVID-19 survivors and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
The study population comprised COVID-19 infection cases registered in the Ha'il region of Saudi Arabia from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until September 2022. A retrospective research design was employed, and 295 participants completed a self-report questionnaire to assess long COVID symptoms and the Arabic version of the European 5-Dimensional Quality of Life (EQ-5D). Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the predictive role of long COVID symptoms on the HRQoL of patients by choosing (p-value < 0.05).
The mean (SD) age of the participants was 38 years, (67.1%) were male and (58.6%) were married. On the long COVID-19 symptoms, the highest mean values were fatigue (M=2.3; 95% CI 2.1-2.4) followed by headache (M=2.1; 95% CI 2.0-2.3) and persistent cough (M=1.9; 95% CI 1.8-2.1). Findings show that HRQoL was problematic in domains of pain/discomfort as depicted by a highest mean score on this domain (M=4.24; 95% CI 4.14-4.33) followed by anxiety/depression (M=4.17: 95% CI 4.08-4.27). Multiple regression analysis showed that marital status (p=0.05), irregular exercise (p<0.01), duration of hospitalization (p<0.01), and oxygen therapy (p<0.05) were the independent background factors affecting HRQoL post-COVID-19. Among the long-COVID-19 symptoms, fatigue (p=0.05), persistent cough (p=0.001), dyspnea (p=0.02), and sexual dysfunction (p<0.001) were the independent factors that impacted the HRQoL after controlling for background variables.
The study has significant implications for Saudi Arabia's Health Sector Transformation Program that could achieve its goals of human centric care and patient satisfaction though addressing the negative impacts of specific long-COVID symptoms such as fatigue, persistent cough, dyspnea and sexual dysfunction and improving the HRQoL in domains of pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression.
背景/目的：20%的新冠病毒感染者有长期新冠症状，因此，本研究是沙特阿拉伯首次进行的区域评估，以确定新冠康复者的长期健康问题与健康相关生活质量（HRQoL）之间的关系。
研究人群包括沙特阿拉伯哈伊勒地区自新冠疫情开始至2022年9月登记的新冠感染病例。采用回顾性研究设计，295名参与者完成了一份自我报告问卷，以评估长期新冠症状和欧洲五维生活质量（EQ-5D）阿拉伯语版。通过选择（p值<0.05），采用多元线性回归评估长期新冠症状对患者HRQoL的预测作用。
参与者的平均（标准差）年龄为38岁，67.1%为男性，58.6%已婚。在长期新冠症状方面，平均值最高的是疲劳（M=2.3；95%置信区间2.1-2.4），其次是头痛（M=2.1；95%置信区间2.0-2.3）和持续咳嗽（M=1.9；95%置信区间1.8-2.1）。研究结果表明，HRQoL在疼痛/不适领域存在问题，该领域的平均得分最高（M=4.24；95%置信区间4.14-4.33），其次是焦虑/抑郁（M=4.17：95%置信区间4.08-4.27）。多元回归分析表明，婚姻状况（p=0.05）、不定期锻炼（p<0.01）、住院时间（p<0.01）和氧疗（p<0.05）是影响新冠康复后HRQoL的独立背景因素。在长期新冠症状中，疲劳（p=0.05）、持续咳嗽（p=0.001）、呼吸困难（p=0.02）和性功能障碍（p<0.001）是在控制背景变量后影响HRQoL的独立因素。
该研究对沙特阿拉伯的卫生部门转型计划具有重要意义，通过解决疲劳、持续咳嗽、呼吸困难和性功能障碍等特定长期新冠症状的负面影响，并改善疼痛/不适和焦虑/抑郁领域的HRQoL，该计划可以实现以患者为中心的护理和患者满意度目标。
