Krattiger Lisa A, Guex Anne Géraldine
Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
Dent Mater. 2025 Jul;41(7):810-826. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.05.001. Epub 2025 May 12.
This narrative review aims to provide an overview of in vitro models to evaluate new materials or surface functionalities in dental implant research. The focus lies on concepts and models rather than specific materials or cell types.
Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and google scholar. Major focus was on in vitro studies using mammalian cells that evaluated different implant materials with respect to soft tissue adhesion or osseointegration. Keywords were combinations of in vitro models, dental materials, dental implantology, cells, cell material interactions, or biointerfaces. A total of 147 articles are included in this review.
The majority of studies report on first-line in vitro evaluations with static 2D cell cultures on cylindrical discs of the material of interest. One step further, more advanced 2D models incorporated multiple cell types or studied signaling pathways and mechanisms. Only few publications reported on truly 3D models. A new category of dynamic culture models or integrated implant-on-a-chip systems is arising. We conclude that more research is needed to understand clinical observations on the cellular level and that standardized protocols are needed to evaluate new materials.
To accommodate patient-specific requirements, new technologies for surface treatments and functionalizations are required. Thereby, the portfolio of standard titanium or zirconia-based dental implants will undoubtedly be complemented with novel materials. In the scope of reducing, refining and replacing animal studies, preceding in vitro evaluations must be more predictive to account for the increasing demand for material evaluations and medical device regulations.
本叙述性综述旨在概述用于评估牙科植入物研究中新材料或表面功能的体外模型。重点在于概念和模型，而非特定材料或细胞类型。
使用PubMed、Web of Science和谷歌学术进行文献检索。主要关注使用哺乳动物细胞的体外研究，这些研究评估了不同植入材料在软组织粘附或骨整合方面的情况。关键词包括体外模型、牙科材料、牙种植学、细胞、细胞与材料相互作用或生物界面的组合。本综述共纳入147篇文章。
大多数研究报告了在感兴趣材料的圆柱形圆盘上进行静态二维细胞培养的一线体外评估。更进一步的是，更先进的二维模型纳入了多种细胞类型或研究了信号通路和机制。只有少数出版物报道了真正的三维模型。一类新的动态培养模型或集成植入芯片系统正在兴起。我们得出结论，需要更多研究来在细胞水平上理解临床观察结果，并且需要标准化方案来评估新材料。
为满足患者的特定需求，需要用于表面处理和功能化的新技术。因此，标准的基于钛或氧化锆的牙科植入物组合无疑将由新型材料加以补充。在减少、优化和替代动物研究的范围内，先前的体外评估必须更具预测性，以应对对材料评估和医疗器械法规日益增长的需求。
