Body Fluid-Derived Stem Cells: Powering Innovative, Less-Invasive Cell Therapies.

Stem cell therapy offers significant promise for tissue regeneration and repair. Traditionally, bone marrow- and adipose-derived stem cells have served as primary sources, but their clinical use is limited by invasiveness and low cell yield. This review focuses on body fluid-derived stem cells as an emerging, non-invasive, and readily accessible alternative. We examine stem cells isolated from amniotic fluid, peripheral blood, cord blood, menstrual fluid, urine, synovial fluid, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid, highlighting their unique biological properties and therapeutic potential. By comparing their characteristics and barriers to clinical translation, we propose body fluid-derived stem cells as a promising source for regenerative applications, with continued research needed to fully achieve their clinical utility.