Moustakli Efthalia, Stavros Sofoklis, Michaelidis Theologos M, Potiris Anastasios, Christodoulaki Chrysi, Zachariou Athanasios, Drakakis Peter, Zikopoulos Konstantinos, Domali Ekaterini, Zikopoulos Athanasios
Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece.
J Clin Med. 2025 Apr 29;14(9):3057. doi: 10.3390/jcm14093057.
Concern over COVID-19's long-term influence on women's reproductive health is growing, with emerging research suggesting potential links to ovarian dysfunction, menstrual irregularities, fertility challenges, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Post-viral immune dysregulation is linked to both the development and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Long COVID has been associated with immunological dysfunction, hormonal imbalances, and chronic inflammation, all of which may worsen autoimmune disorders and reproductive health issues. Long COVID is characterized by symptoms persisting for weeks or months beyond the acute infection phase. There are indications that prolonged COVID may contribute to autoimmune disease development through mechanisms such as immune hyperactivation, molecular mimicry, and dysregulated cytokine responses. Although this research field is still emerging, growing evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may have lasting effects on women's health, highlighting the need for further studies into its underlying mechanisms and long-term clinical outcomes. This review compiles recent findings on the long-term impact of COVID-19 on women's reproductive health and its potential association with autoimmune disorders, particularly MS.
对新冠病毒（COVID-19）对女性生殖健康长期影响的担忧日益增加，新出现的研究表明，它可能与卵巢功能障碍、月经不调、生育挑战及不良妊娠结局存在潜在联系。病毒感染后的免疫失调与自身免疫性疾病（包括多发性硬化症，MS）的发生和加重均有关联。新冠后综合征与免疫功能障碍、激素失衡及慢性炎症相关，所有这些都可能使自身免疫性疾病和生殖健康问题恶化。新冠后综合征的特点是症状在急性感染期过后持续数周或数月。有迹象表明，持续性新冠可能通过免疫过度激活、分子模拟和细胞因子反应失调等机制导致自身免疫性疾病的发生。尽管该研究领域仍在不断发展，但越来越多的证据表明，严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染可能对女性健康产生持久影响，这凸显了进一步研究其潜在机制和长期临床结局的必要性。本综述汇编了关于COVID-19对女性生殖健康的长期影响及其与自身免疫性疾病（尤其是MS）潜在关联的最新研究结果。
