Nielsen Mark, Munkholm Julie, Banner Jytte, Wingren Carl Johan
Department of Forensic Medicine, Section of Forensic Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Frederik's V's Vej 11, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 May 15. doi: 10.1007/s12024-025-01020-9.
The aim of this study was to rank the rate and risk ratio of subject injury following exposure to less-lethal force modalities in real-life police interventions. The purpose was to observe whether the use of conductive electrical weapons (CEW) qualifies as a low-risk modality of force, with a similar risk of adverse health outcomes as exposure to other less-lethal modalities, such as physical force, baton, oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray, and canine. A literature search was conducted using the scientific databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. We rated the included articles based on quality and calculated the weighted means of injury rates. We found 19 articles reporting the rate or risk ratio of injury following exposure to common less-lethal force modalities in real-life settings. OC spray appeared to have the lowest rate of subject injury. The outcome for subject injury following CEW was ambiguous but seemed to be lower in comparison to baton and canine. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to methodological limitations. The identified studies were heterogeneous in design, which limits the conclusions drawn. In general, there was an indication that the risk of injury is lowest when OC spray is used. The rate of subject injury following the use of CEW is lower compared to baton and canine. Further research using a systematic approach to the registration of injuries is warranted.
本研究的目的是对现实生活中警察干预时接触低致命性武力手段后受伤害的发生率和风险比进行排序。目的是观察使用导电电子武器（CEW）是否符合低风险武力手段的标准，其对健康产生不良后果的风险是否与接触其他低致命性手段（如徒手武力、警棍、辣椒喷雾和警犬）相似。使用科学数据库PubMed、Embase和Web of Science进行文献检索。我们根据质量对纳入的文章进行评分，并计算伤害发生率的加权平均值。我们发现19篇文章报告了现实生活场景中接触常见低致命性武力手段后受伤的发生率或风险比。辣椒喷雾似乎导致受伤害的发生率最低。使用CEW后受伤害的结果不明确，但与警棍和警犬相比似乎较低。然而，由于方法学上的局限性，这些研究结果应谨慎解读。已确定的研究在设计上存在异质性，这限制了得出的结论。总体而言，有迹象表明使用辣椒喷雾时受伤风险最低。使用CEW后受伤害的发生率低于警棍和警犬。有必要采用系统方法对伤害情况进行登记以开展进一步研究。
