Hu Frank B, Drescher Greg, Trichopoulou Antonia, Willett Walter C, Martínez-González Miguel A
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
The Culinary Institute of America, Hyde Park, NY, United States.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 May 13. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.036.
The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) pyramid was officially published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 1995. Since then, our understanding of the role of the MedDiet and its role in reducing risk of chronic diseases has grown substantially.
This article aims to provide a narrative review of the historical context of the MedDiet and its environmental impact, summarize health-related evidence from the past 3 decades, and explore its practical applications and cultural adaptations.
Relevant studies were identified through searches of PubMed and other major databases. We prioritzed publications from the past 3 decades, while also including influential earlier studies where appropriate. Evidence was synthesized qualitatively to summarize key findings and identify gaps for future research.
A large body of evidence from prospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and mechanistic studies consistently supports the benefits of the MedDiet for the prevention of chronic diseases, particularly cardiometabolic diseases and the improvement of healthy aging. Growing evidence demonstrates that the MedDiet promotes favorable changes in circulating metabolites and gut microbiome composition, providing novel insights into biological mechanisms underlying its health benefits and informing the development of precision nutrition strategies. The MedDiet aligns with the principles of the planetary health diet recommended by the EAT-Lancet Commission, which aims to promote both human health and environmental sustainability. The development of the MedDiet pyramid 30 y ago inspired the creation of the Asian, African, and Latin-American heritage diet pyramids.
Over the past 3 decades, substantial evidence has accumulated to strongly support the benefits of the MedDiet in preventing chronic diseases and promoting healthy aging. Despite robust evidence, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and adaptability of the MedDiet across diverse populations, cultural settings, and food environments.
地中海饮食金字塔于1995年在美国《临床营养杂志》上正式发表。从那时起，我们对地中海饮食的作用及其在降低慢性病风险方面的作用的理解有了显著增长。
本文旨在对地中海饮食的历史背景及其环境影响进行叙述性综述，总结过去30年中与健康相关的证据，并探讨其实际应用和文化适应性。
通过检索PubMed和其他主要数据库来确定相关研究。我们优先考虑过去30年的出版物，同时在适当情况下也纳入有影响力的早期研究。对证据进行定性综合，以总结关键发现并确定未来研究的空白。
来自前瞻性队列研究、随机对照试验和机制研究的大量证据一致支持地中海饮食对预防慢性病，特别是心脏代谢疾病以及促进健康老龄化的益处。越来越多的证据表明，地中海饮食能促进循环代谢物和肠道微生物群组成的有利变化，为其健康益处背后的生物学机制提供了新的见解，并为精准营养策略的发展提供了依据。地中海饮食符合EAT-柳叶刀委员会推荐的地球健康饮食原则，该原则旨在促进人类健康和环境可持续性。30年前地中海饮食金字塔的发展激发了亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲传统饮食金字塔的创建。
在过去30年中，大量证据积累起来，有力地支持了地中海饮食在预防慢性病和促进健康老龄化方面的益处。尽管有确凿的证据，但仍需要进一步研究来评估地中海饮食在不同人群、文化背景和食物环境中的长期有效性和适应性。
