Chaves Filho Gildacio Pereira, de Andrade Tavares Pedro, de Jesus Ananda Fernanda, Ciancaglini Pietro, Segundo José Eduardo Santarem, Ramos Ana Paula
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901 Brazil.
Department of Education, Information, and Communication, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901 Brazil.
Biophys Rev. 2025 Feb 13;17(2):627-651. doi: 10.1007/s12551-025-01282-1. eCollection 2025 Apr.
This systematic review consolidates current research on mineralizing extracellular vesicles, or matrix vesicles (MVs), including their isolation, characterization, and role in physiological and pathological calcification. We searched PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge by employing the keywords "matrix vesicles" or "collagenase-released matrix vesicles" or "mineralizing vesicles" and publishing years from 2000 to 2023. Seventy-one studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies described different experimental protocols, especially with respect to methods for isolating MVs, wherein digestion with collagenase combined with centrifugation was the most used. The studies employed characterization techniques, including the determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to assess the functionality, size, and morphology of MVs. MVs contain key proteins such as ALP, annexins, and osteocalcin, along with calcium and phosphate ions, which are all critical for precipitating apatite. In the studies, evaluation of ALP activity revealed that MVs are more effective for mineralization than their parent cells and, hence, a valuable tool to regenerate bone and to engineer tissues. On the other hand, MVs play an essential role in pathologies, and the studies showed how they contribute to vascular calcification. Despite the therapeutic potential of MVs, isolation methods and characterization protocols vary across the studies, so standardized methods are needed. We have consolidated the data resulting from this systematic review in an open digital library on MVs with free access to all researchers. The users of the digital library can apply filters and taxonomy to find and interconnect the data resulting from the review.
本系统综述整合了目前关于矿化细胞外囊泡或基质囊泡（MVs）的研究，包括其分离、表征以及在生理和病理钙化中的作用。我们通过使用关键词“基质囊泡”或“胶原酶释放的基质囊泡”或“矿化囊泡”以及2000年至2023年的发表年份，在PubMed/Medline、Scopus和Web of Knowledge中进行了检索。71项研究符合纳入标准。这些研究描述了不同的实验方案，特别是在MVs的分离方法方面，其中胶原酶消化结合离心是最常用的方法。这些研究采用了表征技术，包括碱性磷酸酶（ALP）测定和透射电子显微镜（TEM），以评估MVs的功能、大小和形态。MVs包含关键蛋白质，如ALP、膜联蛋白和骨钙素，以及钙和磷酸根离子，这些对于磷灰石沉淀都至关重要。在这些研究中，对ALP活性的评估表明，MVs在矿化方面比其亲本细胞更有效，因此是再生骨和构建组织的宝贵工具。另一方面，MVs在病理学中起着重要作用，研究表明它们如何导致血管钙化。尽管MVs具有治疗潜力，但不同研究中的分离方法和表征方案各不相同，因此需要标准化方法。我们已将该系统综述所得数据整合到一个关于MVs的开放数字图书馆中，所有研究人员均可免费访问。该数字图书馆的用户可以应用筛选器和分类法来查找和关联综述所得数据。
