Ashkenazi Cobi, Waddell George, Williamon Aaron
Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2025 May 1;16:1386273. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1386273. eCollection 2025.
This scoping review aimed to generate a novel evidence-based model of antagonistic muscular co-contraction (AMCC)'s effects on human movement. The review applies this model to the context of skilled, healthy piano playing to enable advances in pedagogy and research that can aid pianists in developing and maintaining skill and task-related health.
Piano playing is a challenging, complex activity that carries significant risk of playing-related neuromusculoskeletal disorder (PRNDs). AMCC is a contentious, terminologically problematic topic in pedagogical and scientific literature, and has scarcely been studied in relation to piano technique.
Adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines, the review adopted the search terms "co-contraction," "piano," "co-activation," and "antagonist," consulting 36 aggregated resources and 100 individual journals. After screening, 188 studies published between 1982 and 2021 were included. From these studies, AMCC-related content was extracted, analyzed in relation to piano technique, and categorized. The resultant categories were synthesized into a model representing the characteristics and effects of AMCC in movement.
AMCC is a prevalent, complex, and learnable phenomenon, exhibiting the capacity for both positive and negative effects on performance and health. These effects are highly relevant to the task-specific challenges of skilled, healthy piano playing. AMCC can affect sensorimotor task control, accuracy, efficiency, coordination, internal model generation, proprioception, range of motion, individuation, neuromuscular signal-to-noise ratio, speed, power, stability, task-related injury, pain, and rehabilitation.
The review and corresponding model suggest that AMCC is a fundamental characteristic of human movement with broad and unique effects on sensorimotor task performance, including piano playing. Of the 188 publications reviewed, none were found to have robust methods investigating AMCC in healthy, skilled pianists; this review underpins ongoing research targeting the nature of AMCC in piano technique.
本范围综述旨在生成一个基于新证据的拮抗肌共同收缩（AMCC）对人体运动影响的模型。该综述将此模型应用于熟练、健康的钢琴演奏情境中，以推动教学法和研究的进步，帮助钢琴家发展和保持技能以及与任务相关的健康。
钢琴演奏是一项具有挑战性的复杂活动，存在与演奏相关的神经肌肉骨骼疾病（PRNDs）的重大风险。AMCC在教学和科学文献中是一个有争议且术语存在问题的主题，几乎未针对钢琴技术进行过研究。
遵循PRISMA-ScR指南，该综述采用了“共同收缩”“钢琴”“共同激活”和“拮抗剂”等检索词，查阅了36种汇总资源和100种独立期刊。筛选后，纳入了1982年至2021年间发表的188项研究。从这些研究中提取了与AMCC相关的内容，针对钢琴技术进行分析并分类。将所得类别综合成一个代表AMCC在运动中的特征和影响的模型。
AMCC是一种普遍、复杂且可学习的现象，对表现和健康具有正负两方面的影响能力。这些影响与熟练、健康的钢琴演奏中特定任务的挑战高度相关。AMCC可影响感觉运动任务控制、准确性、效率、协调性、内部模型生成、本体感觉、运动范围、个性化、神经肌肉信噪比、速度、力量、稳定性、与任务相关的损伤、疼痛和康复。
该综述及相应模型表明，AMCC是人体运动的一个基本特征，对感觉运动任务表现具有广泛而独特的影响，包括钢琴演奏。在所审查的188篇出版物中，未发现有强有力的方法来研究健康、熟练的钢琴家的AMCC；本综述为针对钢琴技术中AMCC本质的正在进行的研究提供了支持。
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