Topologically associating domains and the evolution of three-dimensional genome architecture in rice.

We examined the nature and evolution of three-dimensional (3D) genome conformation, including topologically associating domains (TADs), in five genomes within the genus Oryza. These included three varieties from subspecies within domesticated Asian rice O. sativa as well as their closely related wild relatives O. rufipogon and O. meridionalis. We used the high-resolution chromosome conformation capture technique Micro-C, which we modified for use in rice. Our analysis of rice TADs shows that TAD boundaries have high transcriptional activity, low methylation levels, low transposable element (TE) content, and increased gene density. We also find a significant correlation of expression levels for genes within TADs, suggesting that they do function as genomic domains with shared regulatory features. Our findings indicate that animal and plant TADs may share more commonalities than were initially thought, as evidenced by similar genetic and epigenetic signatures associated with TADs and boundaries. To examine 3D genome divergence, we employed a computer vision-based algorithm for the comparison of chromatin contact maps and complemented this analysis by assessing the evolutionary conservation of individual TADs and their boundaries. We conclude that overall chromatin organization is conserved in rice, and 3D structural divergence correlates with evolutionary distance between genomes. We also note that individual TADs are not well conserved, even at short evolutionary timescales.