Duenas Katelyn, Chwa Won Jong, Hoque Farzana
Saint Louis University.
Division of Hospital Medicine Saint Louis University.
J Brown Hosp Med. 2025 Apr 1;4(2):133879. doi: 10.56305/001c.133879. eCollection 2025.
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was a global health crisis with far-reaching consequences. Among these were physical and mental health complications that emerged weeks or even months after the initial COVID-19 infection, collectively termed "long COVID" or "post-COVID syndrome." Identifying the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management strategies for long COVID is crucial for both clinicians and patients, which is the focus of this review. The prevalence of long COVID varies across studies, generally ranging from 5% to 20%. Prominent risk factors include female sex, older age, a high number of acute symptoms, lower socioeconomic status, and underlying comorbidities such as diabetes, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The clinical manifestations of long COVID are diverse; beyond the commonly reported symptoms of fatigue, malaise, ageusia, and anosmia, neuropsychiatric complications such as headache, cognitive deficits, and depression are also potential outcomes. Although there is currently no consensus on the management of long COVID, multidisciplinary care teams with appropriate referrals and follow-up diagnostic studies are essential in evaluating the clinical course of long COVID patients.
冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行是一场具有深远影响的全球健康危机。其中包括在初次感染COVID-19数周甚至数月后出现的身心健康并发症，统称为“长期COVID”或“COVID后综合征”。确定长期COVID的流行病学、危险因素、临床表现和管理策略对临床医生和患者都至关重要，这是本综述的重点。不同研究中，长期COVID的患病率有所不同，一般在5%至20%之间。突出的危险因素包括女性、年龄较大、急性症状较多、社会经济地位较低以及潜在的合并症，如糖尿病、哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺疾病。长期COVID的临床表现多种多样；除了常见的疲劳、不适、味觉减退和嗅觉减退症状外，神经精神并发症，如头痛、认知缺陷和抑郁也是可能的后果。尽管目前对于长期COVID的管理尚无共识，但多学科护理团队进行适当的转诊和后续诊断研究对于评估长期COVID患者的临床病程至关重要。
