Wang Tao, Yin Pengcheng, Jiang Biaobiao, Niu Qingfen
State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550014, China.
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 15;494:138656. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138656. Epub 2025 May 19.
Hypochlorite (ClO) is a highly reactive chemical extensively used in households, public areas, and various industries due to its multiple functions of disinfection, bleaching, and sterilization. However, overuse of ClO may contaminate the water, soil, air and food, leading to negative impacts on the environments, ecosystems and food safety. Meanwhile, excessive ClO in human body can also cause severe damage to the immune system. Thus, the development of effective and precise detection tools for ClO is of great significance to better understand its complicated roles in environments and biosystems. Herein, a new high-performance ratiometric fluorescent probe 2-amino-3-((10-propyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)methylene)-amino)maleonitrile (PD) was developed for effective detection of ClO in various bio/environmental and food samples. Probe PD exhibits highly-specific "ratiometric" fluorescent response to ClO with rapid response (< 1 min), excellent sensitivity (detection limit, 47.4 nM), wide applicable pH range (4 -12), and excellent versatility in practical applications. In practical applications, PD enables the sensitive and quantitative detection of ClO levels in various water samples, bio-fluids, dairy products, fruits and vegetables with high-precision (recoveries, 97.00 -104.40 %), as well as the successful application for visual tracking ClO in fresh fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, test strips containing PD offer a visual and convenient tool for quick identification of ClO in aqueous media by the naked eye. Importantly, the good biocompatibility of PD enables its practical applications in real-time bioimaging of endogenous/exogenous ClO levels in living cells, bacteria, onion cells, Arabidopsis, as well as zebrafish. This study provided an effective method for visual monitoring and bioimaging of ClO levels in various environments, foods and living biosystems.
次氯酸盐（ClO）是一种反应活性很高的化学物质，因其具有消毒、漂白和杀菌等多种功能而被广泛应用于家庭、公共场所及各类工业领域。然而，过度使用ClO可能会污染水、土壤、空气和食物，对环境、生态系统和食品安全产生负面影响。同时，人体中过量的ClO也会对免疫系统造成严重损害。因此，开发有效且精确的ClO检测工具对于更好地了解其在环境和生物系统中的复杂作用具有重要意义。在此，我们开发了一种新型高性能比率荧光探针2-氨基-3-（（10-丙基-10H-吩噻嗪-3-基）亚甲基）-氨基）马来腈（PD），用于有效检测各种生物/环境和食品样品中的ClO。探针PD对ClO表现出高度特异性的“比率”荧光响应，响应迅速（<1分钟），灵敏度高（检测限为47.4 nM），适用pH范围宽（4 - 12），在实际应用中具有出色的通用性。在实际应用中，PD能够高精度地灵敏定量检测各种水样、生物流体、乳制品、水果和蔬菜中的ClO水平（回收率为97.00 - 104.40%），还能成功应用于新鲜水果和蔬菜中ClO的可视化追踪。此外，含有PD的测试条为通过肉眼快速识别水介质中的ClO提供了一种可视化且便捷的工具。重要的是，PD良好的生物相容性使其能够实际应用于活细胞、细菌、洋葱细胞、拟南芥以及斑马鱼中内源性/外源性ClO水平的实时生物成像。本研究为可视化监测和生物成像各种环境、食品和生物系统中的ClO水平提供了一种有效方法。
