Recent Advances in miRNA Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis.

BACKGROUND

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is an increasingly prevalent group of refractory glomerular diseases and a significant aetiology of end-stage renal disease. Podocyte injury and depletion significantly contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of FSGS. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of specific genes in relevant cells, thereby playing crucial roles in the pathogenesis of FSGS. Many studies have shown that miRNAs can be secreted from cells into body fluids and that these miRNAs in the circulation are highly stable. The gold standard for FSGS diagnosis is kidney biopsy; however, the clinical heterogeneity of FSGS, along with variations in histology and nonspecific morphological features, can impact its diagnostic accuracy. Thus, the discovery of novel and efficacious biomarkers is crucial in facilitating the diagnosis of FSGS. In addition, the degree of kidney damage in patients with FSGS varies at different stages, necessitating individualized diagnosis and treatment approaches. Considering the side effects of glucocorticoids, determining whether a patient is steroid resistant is vital. Thus, ideal biomarkers should not only be specific and sensitive but also have the ability to accurately reflect the stage or prognosis of the disease to improve the treatment for patients.

SUMMARY

To date, numerous studies have shown that both urinary miRNAs and plasma miRNAs are potential biomarkers for FSGS. In addition, the identification of miRNA biomarkers specific for the FSGS disease state may provide new insights into the underlying pathological mechanism of FSGS.

KEY MESSAGES

Here we summarize the currently available miRNA biomarkers that could help us better understand the diagnosis, disease activity, prognosis, and clinical features of FSGS.