Wen E, Tian Yu, Chen Yu, Wang Zhigang, Feng Yi, Liao Zhen
Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 May 25;23(1):377. doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03453-4.
Despite the encouraging developments in tumor immunotherapy, the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) and abnormal energy metabolism persist as key factors facilitating immune escape. Recent research has emphasized the significant potential of the Manganese ions (Mn) as a "immune ion reactors" have the potential to stimulate cGAS-STING signaling pathway in modulating tumor immunotherapy. However, their efficacy is limited by insufficient targeting and lack of tumor specificity. To address these challenges, we have developed a nano-drug named as LT@MnO@MON-HA (LMMH), which incorporates manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles as the core and organic mesoporous silica as the outer layer. The mitochondrial glycolysis inhibitor lonidamine (LT) is encapsulated within the mesopores of LMMH and subsequently coated with hyaluronic acid to achieve precise tumor-targeted drug delivery. After reaching the tumor site, LMMH can decompose in the reducing and acidic TME, releasing LT and Mn. Once internalized by cells, LT rapidly localizes to mitochondria via functional groups, disrupting mitochondrial metabolism and increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Mn catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into more cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH), thereby enhancing chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The mesoporous silica shell of LMMH is capable of depleting glutathione in the TME, enhancing CDT. Moreover, LMMH functions as an agonist of the cGAS-STING pathway, stimulating cytokine release and activating effector T cells, which in turn triggering systemic immune responses against primary and metastatic cancers. Collectively, these finding highlights the dual mechanisms by which LMMH enhances combination immunotherapy by regulating the TME and tumor metabolism.
尽管肿瘤免疫疗法取得了令人鼓舞的进展,但复杂的肿瘤微环境(TME)和异常的能量代谢仍然是促进免疫逃逸的关键因素。最近的研究强调了锰离子(Mn)作为“免疫离子反应器”的巨大潜力,其有可能刺激cGAS-STING信号通路来调节肿瘤免疫疗法。然而,它们的疗效受到靶向不足和缺乏肿瘤特异性的限制。为了应对这些挑战,我们开发了一种名为LT@MnO@MON-HA(LMMH)的纳米药物,它以氧化锰(MnO)纳米颗粒为核心,有机介孔二氧化硅为外层。线粒体糖酵解抑制剂氯尼达明(LT)被包裹在LMMH的介孔内,随后用透明质酸包被以实现精确的肿瘤靶向药物递送。到达肿瘤部位后,LMMH可以在还原性和酸性的TME中分解,释放出LT和Mn。一旦被细胞内化,LT通过官能团迅速定位于线粒体,破坏线粒体代谢并增加细胞内活性氧水平。Mn催化过氧化氢(H₂O₂)转化为细胞毒性更强的羟基自由基(·OH),从而增强化学动力疗法(CDT)。LMMH的介孔二氧化硅壳能够消耗TME中的谷胱甘肽,增强CDT。此外,LMMH作为cGAS-STING通路的激动剂,刺激细胞因子释放并激活效应T细胞,进而触发针对原发性和转移性癌症的全身免疫反应。总的来说,这些发现突出了LMMH通过调节TME和肿瘤代谢增强联合免疫疗法的双重机制。