Gudmannsdottir Ragnhildur, Gunnarsdottir Steina, Kenderesi Emese, Thorgeirsdottir Holmfridur, Torfadottir Johanna Eyrun, Gunnarsdottir Ingibjorg, Thorsdottir Inga, Wood Amanda, Geirsdottir Olof Gudny, Birgisdottir Bryndis Eva, Halldorsson Thorhallur Ingi
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 12, Reykjavik, 102, Iceland.
Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 25;15(1):18190. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03193-3.
Plant-rich diets have gained recognition for their environmental sustainability. However, relatively few studies have compared dietary habits of vegans and omnivores in terms of compliance with nutritional recommendations and dietary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which this study aimed to assess. We used data on 651 omnivores and 68 vegans from the Icelandic National Dietary Survey (2019-2021) and a comparable survey on vegans (2022-2023), respectively. The median dietary GHG emissions was substantially lower among vegans than omnivores (2.6 vs. 5.3 kg CO-eq/day). Compared to omnivores, vegans had a proportionally higher intake of energy from carbohydrates (48% vs. 39%) but a lower intake from fat (35% vs. 40%) and proteins (12% vs. 18%). More vegans compared to omnivores fell within the dietary recommendations for fiber (74% vs. 8%) and saturated fat (56% vs. 7%) while vegans were less likely to have protein intake in line with the recommended ≥ 0.83 g/kg body weight (52% vs. 79%). Despite frequent use of dietary food supplements among vegans (97%) and omnivores (72%) the prevalence of those reaching the recommended intake of iodine, calcium and vitamin D, was low (40-60%) in both groups. In conclusion, vegans were overall more compliant with macronutrient recommendations and had substantially lower dietary GHG emissions compared to omnivores. In terms of meeting dietary recommendations, room for improvements was observed in both groups.
富含植物的饮食因其环境可持续性而得到认可。然而，相对较少的研究从符合营养建议和饮食温室气体（GHG）排放方面比较纯素食者和杂食者的饮食习惯，本研究旨在对此进行评估。我们分别使用了冰岛国家饮食调查（2019 - 2021年）中651名杂食者和68名纯素食者的数据，以及一项针对纯素食者的可比调查（2022 - 2023年）的数据。纯素食者的饮食温室气体排放中位数显著低于杂食者（2.6 vs. 5.3千克二氧化碳当量/天）。与杂食者相比，纯素食者碳水化合物的能量摄入量比例更高（48% vs. 39%），但脂肪（35% vs. 40%）和蛋白质（12% vs. 18%）的摄入量更低。与杂食者相比，更多纯素食者的膳食纤维（74% vs. 8%）和饱和脂肪（56% vs. 7%）摄入量符合饮食建议，而纯素食者蛋白质摄入量符合建议的≥0.83克/千克体重的可能性较小（52% vs. 79%）。尽管纯素食者（97%）和杂食者（72%）都经常使用膳食补充剂，但两组中达到碘、钙和维生素D推荐摄入量的比例都很低（40 - 60%）。总之，与杂食者相比，纯素食者总体上更符合宏量营养素建议，且饮食温室气体排放显著更低。在满足饮食建议方面，两组都有改进空间。
