Nieddu Gabriele, Formato Marilena, Lepedda Antonio Junior
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025 May 15;12(5):188. doi: 10.3390/jcdd12050188.
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a spectrum of conditions characterized by a sudden decrease in blood flow to the heart. This includes unstable angina, the mildest form, as well as non-ST- and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The primary cause of ACS is typically the rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery, resulting in the formation of a blood clot that can, partially or completely, block the blood flow to the heart muscle. The ongoing discovery and comprehension of emerging biomarkers for atherosclerosis could enhance our capacity to predict future events, particularly when integrated alongside traditional risk factors in assessing overall risk profiles. With advancements in proteomic technologies, large-scale approaches have been increasingly instrumental in unraveling pathways implicated in atherosclerotic degeneration and identifying novel circulating markers, which may serve as early diagnostic indicators or targets for innovative therapies. Over recent decades, numerous matrices including plasma, urine, microparticles, lipoproteins, atherosclerotic plaque extracts and secretomes, as well as thrombi, have been examined to address these questions. Furthermore, proteomics has been applied to various experimental models of atherosclerosis to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying atherogenesis. This review offers a critical overview of the past two decades of untargeted omics research focused on identifying circulating and tissue biomarkers relevant to ACS.
急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）指的是一系列以心脏血流突然减少为特征的病症。这包括最轻微的不稳定型心绞痛，以及非ST段抬高型和ST段抬高型心肌梗死。ACS的主要原因通常是冠状动脉中动脉粥样硬化斑块的破裂或侵蚀，导致形成血凝块，该血凝块可部分或完全阻断流向心肌的血流。对动脉粥样硬化新出现的生物标志物的不断发现和理解，可以提高我们预测未来事件的能力，特别是在与传统风险因素相结合以评估整体风险状况时。随着蛋白质组学技术的进步，大规模方法在揭示动脉粥样硬化退变相关途径和识别新的循环标志物方面越来越有用，这些标志物可作为早期诊断指标或创新疗法的靶点。近几十年来，包括血浆、尿液、微粒、脂蛋白、动脉粥样硬化斑块提取物和分泌组以及血栓在内的众多基质都已被研究以解决这些问题。此外，蛋白质组学已应用于各种动脉粥样硬化实验模型，以加深我们对动脉粥样硬化发生机制的理解。本综述对过去二十年专注于识别与ACS相关的循环和组织生物标志物的非靶向组学研究进行了批判性概述。
